Cells and Cell Membrane
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| 1981715807 | what is a species | group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring | 0 | |
| 1981715808 | what is a population | group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area | 1 | |
| 1981715809 | what is an autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer | 2 | |
| 1981715810 | what is a producer | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph | 3 | |
| 1981715811 | what is photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | 4 | |
| 1981715812 | what is chemosythesis | process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates | 5 | |
| 1981715813 | what is a heterotroph | organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer | 6 | |
| 1981715814 | what is a consumer | organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph | 7 | |
| 1981715815 | what is a herbivore | organism that obtains energy by eating only plants | 8 | |
| 1981715816 | what is a carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating animals | 9 | |
| 1981715817 | what is a decomposer | organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter | 10 | |
| 1981715818 | what is the food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten | 11 | |
| 1981715819 | what is phytoplankton | population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton | 12 | |
| 1981715820 | what is the food vacuole | small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food | 13 | |
| 1981715821 | what is cilia and what does it do | short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells | 14 | |
| 1981715822 | what is a prokaryote | unicellular organism lacking a nucleus | 15 | |
| 1981715823 | what is an aerobe | organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live | 16 | |
| 1981715824 | what is an anaerobe | organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen | 17 | |
| 1981715825 | what is binary fission | type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells | 18 | |
| 1981715826 | whta is a pathogen | disease-causing agent | 19 | |
| 1981715827 | what is a vaccine | a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens | 20 | |
| 1981715828 | what is an antibiotic | compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria | 21 | |
| 1981715829 | virus | a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells | 22 | |
| 1981715830 | capsid | outer protein coat of a virus | 23 | |
| 1981715831 | what is a gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population | 24 | |
| 1981715832 | relative frequency | number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur | 25 | |
| 1981715833 | single-gene trait | trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles | 26 | |
| 1981715834 | polygenic trait | trait controlled by two or more genes | 27 | |
| 1981715835 | directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve | 28 | |
| 1981715836 | stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end | 29 | |
| 1981715837 | disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle | 30 | |
| 1981715838 | genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations | 31 | |
| 1981715839 | speciation | formation of new species | 32 | |
| 1981715840 | reproductive isolation | separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | 33 | |
| 1981715841 | behavioral isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding | 34 | |
| 1981715842 | geographical isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water | 35 | |
| 1981715843 | temporal isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times | 36 | |
| 1981715844 | evolution | change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms | 37 | |
| 1981715845 | theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations | 38 | |
| 1981715846 | fossil | preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism | 39 | |
| 1981715847 | artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation | 40 | |
| 1981715848 | struggle for existence | competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life | 41 | |
| 1981715849 | fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment | 42 | |
| 1981715850 | adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival | 43 | |
| 1981715851 | survival of the fittest | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection | 44 | |
| 1981715852 | natural selection | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | 45 | |
| 1981715853 | common descent | principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors | 46 | |
| 1981715854 | homologous structures | structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues | 47 | |
| 1981715855 | vestigial organ | organ that serves no useful function in an organism | 48 | |
| 1981715856 | transformation | process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria | 49 | |
| 1981715857 | nucleotide | building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) | 50 | |
| 1981715858 | base pairing | Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine | 51 | |
| 1981715859 | Cell Membrane | - contains the cytoplasm (all interior cell organelles and the cytosol) - allowing the chemical reactions in the cell to occur- semipermeable (or selectively permeable) - allows certain substances in, keeps others out | 52 | |
| 1981715860 | what makes up a Phospholipid | - two hydrophobic fatty acids bound to a hydrophilic head (with a phosphate group) | 53 | |
| 1981715861 | Protein | - integral proteins are buried inside the membrane | 54 | |
| 1981715862 | Carbohydrates | - chains of carbohydrates serve as ID markers so the body can recognize its own cells from foreign invaders | 55 | |
| 1981715863 | Cholesterol | - found in animal cell membranes , stiffens membranes | 56 | |
| 1981715864 | Fluid Mosaic Model | - modern theory of how the cell membrane is arranged | 57 | |
| 1981715865 | Diffusion | - particles move from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached | 58 | |
| 1981715866 | passive transport | Movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. | 59 | |
| 1981715867 | Active Transport | - breaks concentration gradient but needs to use ATP (energy for cell) - are very specific -pumps act as enzymes with active sites so they often pump only one substrate | 60 | |
| 1981715868 | Osmosis | - diffusion of water across a membrane | 61 | |
| 1981715869 | Hypotonic | - has less dissolved material (therefore less water) | 62 | |
| 1981715870 | Prokaryotic Cells | - cells lack a nucleus and all other membrane based organelles | 63 | |
| 1981715871 | Nucleus | - contains the DNA | 64 | |
| 1981715872 | Nucleolus | - dark area in the nucleus where DNA encoding ribosomal RNA and proteins are located | 65 | |
| 1981715873 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | - transport tubes made of membrane , - carry proteins that will go into the membane or leave the cell completely | 66 | |
| 1981715874 | - rough ER | contains ribosomes for protein synthesis | 67 | |
| 1981715875 | Ribosome | - found in two places; the cytosol or on the rough ER , -site of protein synthesis | 68 | |
| 1981715876 | mRNA | - instructions for building proteins, A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. | 69 | |
| 1981715877 | rRNA | - a ribozyme that actually builds the proteins, Ribosomal RNA | 70 | |
| 1981715878 | The Golgi Body | - puts final modifications on membrane proteins and proteins that leave the cell- packages proteins in vesicles (sacs of membrane) | 71 | |
| 1981715879 | Vesicles (Vacuoles) | - membrane storage sacs; named after their contents | 72 | |
| 1981715880 | Lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes (like lysozyme)- used to digest food | 73 | |
| 1981715881 | Mitochondria | - responsible for harvesting energy for the cell , use oxygen | 74 | |
| 1981715882 | Endosymbiotic Theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once bacteria that were once swallowed by ancient eukaryotes but not digested. Rather, they developed a symbiosis with the cells and evolved into the organelles. | 75 | |
| 1981715883 | Flagella | a long tail whips back and forth, very fast and makes cell move | 76 | |
| 1981715884 | Centrioles | - found only in animal cells | 77 | |
| 1981715885 | Cytoskeleton | - cells have an internal skeleton for strength and shape | 78 | |
| 1981715886 | Unique to Plant Cells | - cell wall | 79 | |
| 1981715887 | - chloroplasts | 'Solar panel/fuel factory" of the cell | 80 | |
| 1981715888 | large central vacuole | The organelle that stores water and other materials in plant cell- largest organelle in plant cell | 81 | |
| 1981715889 | Cell Wall in plants is made of | cellulose | 82 | |
| 1981715890 | chloroplasts | - organelles that use the sun's energy to produce ATP | 83 | |
| 1981715891 | HIV | HIV is a virus that mutates at an extremely high rate and attacks human immune cells | 84 | |
| 1981715892 | Two ways Antibiotic resistance is caused | Over prescription of antibiotics to patients with viral infections and patients not taking the antibiotics for the full course of treatment | 85 | |
| 1981715893 | The parts of a virus | Protein coat (or viral envelope) & DNA or RNA (genome) | 86 | |
| 1981715894 | What does gram staining do | Classifies bacteria - | 87 | |
| 1981715895 | How does HIV attacks the Immune system | Killing and hiding in white blood cells (immune cells) and turning the immune system against itself | 88 | |
| 1981715896 | Why is the triple cocktail's effective in treating HIV | It kills infected cells and helps prevent resistance to drugs | 89 | |
| 1981715897 | Who discovered the first antibiotic and what was it | Alexander Fleming - penicillin | 90 | |
| 1981715898 | Define a pathogen | An agent that is harmful to living organisms | 91 | |
| 1981715899 | Three shapes of bacteria | Coccus - spherical, bacillus- rod shaped, spirillum - spiral | 92 | |
| 1981715900 | What are antibiotics effective at treating | Bacteria | 93 | |
| 1981715901 | Define a plasmid | An extra circular piece of DNA found in the bacteria cell cytoplasm | 94 | |
| 1981715902 | Define a vaccine | Creates an immune response, which will protect the body if ever infected again | 95 | |
| 1981715903 | sizes of viruses, bacteria, and human cells smallest to largest | virus, bacteria, human cell | 96 | |
| 1981715904 | Why is HIV difficult to treat | It hides inside human cells and mutates extremely quickly | 97 | |
| 1981715905 | The elements that make up carbohydrates, | C, H, O | 98 | |
| 1981715906 | The elements that make up Lipids | C, H, O | 99 | |
| 1981715907 | The elements that make up Proteins | C, H, O, N , S | 100 | |
| 1981715908 | What does 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids together make | Lipid | 101 | |
| 1981715909 | Simple sugar - | monosaccharide's such as glucose or fructose | 102 | |
| 1981715910 | Carbohydrates - can be | monosaccharide's, disaccharides (lactose or sucrose) or polysaccharides (starches or cellulose) | 103 | |
| 1981715911 | polysaccharides ex: | starches or cellulose | 104 | |
| 1981715912 | disaccharides ex: | lactose or sucrose | 105 | |
| 1981715913 | What kinds of bonds are used in making proteins | Peptide bonds | 106 | |
| 1981715914 | What is a cell wall made of in plants | Cellulose | 107 | |
| 1981715915 | important function of carbohydrates, Carbohydrates | primary fuel source of cells | 108 | |
| 1981715916 | Proteins - wide variety of functions including | making up part of cell membrane, regulating and controlling cell function | 109 | |
| 1981715917 | Lipids of functions including | Energy storage | 110 | |
| 1981715918 | Saturated fats have no ______ bonds | double bonds | 111 | |
| 1981715919 | Unsaturated fats has ______ bonds | double bonds | 112 | |
| 1981715920 | How many amino acids there are | 20 amino acids which join in a variety of combinations | 113 | |
| 1981715921 | The properties of enzymes | Catalyst, protein, not used up in a reaction, specific, acts to lower the activation energy of a reaction, bonds with a substrate molecule at the enzyme's active site | 114 | |
| 1981715922 | The name of the molecule an enzyme acts on | substrate | 115 | |
| 1981715923 | What molecules the body uses to store energy | ATP | 116 | |
| 1981715924 | The relationship between the numbers on the pH scale and acids and bases | Ranges from 0-14 Acids 0-6.9 Bases 7.1-14 | 117 | |
| 1981715925 | too much heat and different pH on enzymes can cause ______ | denaturing | 118 | |
| 1981715926 | effect that enzymes have on a reaction | Lowers the activation energy thereby speeding up a reaction at the same temperature | 119 | |
| 1981715927 | Define a substrate | Molecules on which an enzyme acts | 120 | |
| 1981715928 | Enzymes are proteins and they have | a 3-d shape. | 121 | |
| 1981715929 | Carb's are either | mono/ di/ polysaccahrides. | 122 | |
| 1981715930 | Lipids are made of | 3 fatty acids and glycerol | 123 | |
| 1981715931 | lactose intolerance | When a person is unable to digest milk because they lack the enzyme they need (lactase) to break down the lactose | 124 | |
| 1981715932 | Aerobic | needs oxygen | 125 | |
| 1981715933 | Anaerobic | doesn't need oxygen | 126 | |
| 1981715934 | The reactants and products of photosynthesis | Carbon Dioxide + water + light energy Glucose + Oxygen | 127 | |
| 1981715935 | What makes a good experiment and what is reliable data | Controlled experiment (one independent variable, multiple trials, and a control group) involving random assignment, statistically significant, and a double blind set up to help control bias | 128 | |
| 1981715936 | Theory | proposition or principle shown to explain phenomena through experimentation | 129 | |
| 1981715937 | Control | remains the same in an experiment for comparison | 130 | |
| 1981715938 | Hypothesis | educated guess | 131 | |
| 1981715939 | Objective | impartial | 132 | |
| 1981715940 | Variables | independent variable is what you change in an experiment to see its effect (only 1 in ea. Exp), dependent variable is the result or effect of that independent variable | 133 | |
| 1981715941 | Smooth ER is the | transport system within the cell | 134 | |
| 1981715942 | Rough ER has | ribosomes lining it (involved in protein synthesis) | 135 | |
| 1981715943 | Cell membrane | double layer of lipids with proteins imbedded within, selectively permeable, regulates what passes into/out of the cell | 136 | |
| 1981715944 | Nucleus | control center of the cell, holds genetic material | 137 | |
| 1981715945 | Cell wall | made of cellulose, provides rigid support for a plant cell | 138 | |
| 1981715946 | Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell | 139 | |
| 1981715947 | Vacuole | used for storage, in plant cell plays a part in turgor pressure | 140 | |
| 1981715948 | What does selectively permeable mean | only allows certain materials to pass through | 141 | |
| 1981715949 | Which cell parts does a plant cell have | Chloroplast, Cell wall, Large central vacuole | 142 | |
| 1981715950 | Passive transport | Movement of molecules with the concentration gradient (from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration) and Does not require energy | 143 | |
| 1981715951 | Osmosis | movement of water | 144 | |
| 1981715952 | Diffusion | movement of particles | 145 | |
| 1981715953 | Facilitated Diffusion | same as passive transport but with assistance of carrier molecules embedded within cell membrane | 146 | |
| 1981715954 | Active Transport | requires energy, goes against concentration gradient (from low to high concentrations) | 147 |
