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| 68772505 | Genetic Engineering | the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism | 0 | |
| 68772506 | Bacterial Transformation | ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by uptaking foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it into their own | 1 | |
| 68772507 | Restriction Enzyme | enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides | 2 | |
| 68772508 | Recombinant DNA | genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms | 3 | |
| 68772509 | Transgenic organism | organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism | 4 | |
| 68772510 | Plasmid | a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication | 5 | |
| 68772511 | Meiosis | (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms | 6 | |
| 68772512 | Mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes | 7 | |
| 68772513 | Photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | 8 | |
| 68772514 | Cell Respiration | the process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down sugar molecules | 9 | |
| 68772515 | Framshift | point, insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs | 10 | |
| 68772516 | Mutagen | physical or chemical agent that causes mutations | 11 | |
| 68772517 | Natural Selection | a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment | 12 | |
| 68772518 | Adaptations | the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments | 13 | |
| 68772519 | Phylogenetic Trees | a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms | 14 | |
| 68772520 | Taxonomy | practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships (classifications of animals, know all 7 types) | 15 | |
| 70311616 | biology | the study of life | 16 | |
| 70311617 | Organic Molecule | A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous | 17 | |
| 70311618 | Acidity | pH values below 7 | 18 | |
| 70311619 | pH | (chemistry) p(otential of) H(ydrogen). measures the acidity of substances | 19 | |
| 70311620 | population | the act of populating (causing to live in a place) | 20 | |
| 70311621 | catalyze | change by catalysis or cause to catalyze | 21 | |
| 70311622 | enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts | 22 | |
| 70311623 | fatty acids | simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells | 23 | |
| 70311624 | hormones | chemical "messengers" of the endocrine system that are released into the blood | 24 | |
| 70311625 | monosaccharides | single sugar molecules | 25 | |
| 70311626 | reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction | 26 | |
| 70311627 | products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction | 27 | |
| 70311628 | biochemical pathway | a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction | 28 | |
| 70311629 | lysosomes | An organelle containing digestive enzymes | 29 | |
| 70311630 | bond | a connection that fastens things together | 30 | |
| 70311631 | distilled water | water that has been purified by distillation | 31 | |
| 70311632 | active transport | transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient | 32 | |
| 70311633 | osmosis | diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal | 33 | |
| 70311634 | cell membrane | a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell | 34 | |
| 70311635 | metabolism | the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life | 35 | |
| 70311636 | nutrition | a source of materials to nourish the body | 36 | |
| 70311637 | synthesis | the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds) | 37 | |
| 70311638 | ATP | a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue | 38 | |
| 70311639 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics | 39 | |
| 70311640 | ribosomes | the organelle that make proteins in cells | 40 | |
| 70311641 | combustion | a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light | 41 | |
| 70311642 | Aerobic respiration | cellular respiration that uses oxygen, sequentially releasing energy and storing it in ATP | 42 | |
| 70311643 | Fermentation | a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances | 43 | |
| 70311644 | pyruvate | Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis. | 44 | |
| 70311645 | oxidative respiration | series of chemical reactions that occur in mitochondria, and the process by which cells get most of their energy | 45 | |
| 70311646 | glycolysis | a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP | 46 | |
| 70311647 | glucose | a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms | 47 | |
| 70311648 | chloroplast | organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy | 48 | |
| 70311649 | chlorophyll | green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis | 49 | |
| 70311650 | lactic acid | waste product produced by Fermentation; causes muscles to be sore | 50 | |
| 70311651 | anaerobic respiration | Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid. | 51 | |
| 70311652 | Eukaryotes | cells that contain nuclei | 52 | |
| 70311653 | Krebs cycle | second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions | 53 | |
| 70311654 | Prokaryotes | cells that do not contain nuclei | 54 | |
| 70311655 | Sensory neuron | a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord | 55 | |
| 70311656 | motor neuron | a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord | 56 | |
| 70311657 | stimuli | information in the environment that activates the nerves in a sense organ | 57 | |
| 70311658 | Central Nervous System | the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord | 58 | |
| 70311659 | Digestion | the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body | 59 | |
| 70311660 | Prophase | the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes | 60 | |
| 70311661 | Metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | 61 | |
| 70311662 | Telophase | the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle | 62 | |
| 70311663 | Chromatids | two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material | 63 | |
| 70311664 | Centromere | a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape | 64 | |
| 70311665 | Chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | 65 | |
| 70311666 | centriole | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope | 66 | |
| 70311667 | Gonads | reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries | 67 | |
| 70311668 | testes | The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. | 68 | |
| 70311669 | ovaries | female gonads | 69 | |
| 70311670 | gametes | sex cells or reproductive cells | 70 | |
| 70311671 | zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo | 71 | |
| 70311672 | egg | animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes | 72 | |
| 70311673 | sperm | the male reproductive cell | 73 | |
| 70311674 | trisomy | chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell | 74 | |
| 70311675 | segregation | (genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes | 75 | |
| 70311676 | Polar Body | a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded | 76 | |
| 70311677 | dominant | trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present | 77 | |
| 70311678 | Allele | one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits | 78 | |
| 70311679 | X chromosome | the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females | 79 | |
| 70311680 | Y chromosome | the sex chromosome that is carried by men | 80 | |
| 70311681 | Recessive | The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism. | 81 | |
| 70311682 | hemoglobin | a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color | 82 | |
| 70311683 | Prophase I | Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad. | 83 | |
| 70311684 | metaphase I | The second phase of meiosis I. During metaphase I the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate). | 84 | |
| 70311685 | Metaphase II | the chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis | 85 | |
| 70311686 | Anaphase I | The third phase of meiosis I. During anaphase I the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. | 86 | |
| 70311687 | Telophase I | 2 cells form, each cell is a haploid but each chromosome is in replicated form | 87 | |
| 70311688 | Prophase II | The first phase of meiosis II. Prophase II is identical to mitotic prophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I. | 88 | |
| 70311689 | Anaphase II | the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell | 89 | |
| 70311690 | Telophase II | The fourth and final phase of meiosis II. Telophase II is identical to mitotic telophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I. | 90 | |
| 70311691 | Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis | 91 | |
| 70311692 | sister chromatids | identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase | 92 | |
| 70311693 | cancer | any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division | 93 | |
| 70311694 | protein | any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells | 94 | |
| 70311695 | RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis | 95 | |
| 70311696 | double helix | a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis | 96 | |
| 70311697 | ribose | a five-carbon sugar present in RNA | 97 | |
| 70311698 | amino acid | basic building blocks of protein molecules | 98 | |
| 70311699 | uracil | a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine | 99 | |
| 70311700 | nitrogen base | A basic compound that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine | 100 | |
| 70311701 | replication | the act of making copies | 101 | |
| 70311702 | nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | 102 | |
| 70311703 | transcription | (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA | 103 | |
| 70311704 | translation | (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm | 104 | |
| 70311705 | adenine | The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA | 105 | |
| 70311706 | thymine | a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine | 106 | |
| 70311707 | cytosine | a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine | 107 | |
| 70311708 | guanine | The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA | 108 | |
| 70311709 | tRNA | transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome | 109 | |
| 70311710 | mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome | 110 | |
| 70311711 | rRNA | ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome | 111 | |
| 70311712 | protein synthesis | the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA | 112 | |
| 70311713 | fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell | 113 | |
| 70311714 | independent assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes | 114 | |
| 70311715 | phenotype | what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype | 115 | |
| 70311716 | genotype | genetic makeup of an organism | 116 | |
| 70311717 | deoxyribose | a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids | 117 | |
| 70311718 | gene | (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain | 118 | |
| 70311719 | homozygeous | has two identical alleles for a trait (dominant-dominant; recessive-recessive) | 119 | |
| 70311720 | heterozygeous | an organism tht has 2 diff allele for a trait (dominant-recessive) | 120 | |
| 70311721 | codominant | A heterozygote in which both alleles are fully expressed | 121 | |
| 70311722 | progeny | the immediate descendants of a person | 122 | |
| 70311723 | punnet squares | Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross | 123 | |
| 70311724 | pedigree | a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family | 124 | |
| 70311725 | autosomal | all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked. | 125 | |
| 70311726 | embryo | an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life | 126 | |
| 70311727 | geographic isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water | 127 | |
| 70311728 | interbreeding | reproduction by parents of different species | 128 | |
| 70311729 | gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population | 129 | |
| 70311730 | punctuated equilibrium | a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change | 130 | |
| 70311731 | variations | any difference between individuals of the same species | 131 | |
| 70311732 | convergence | the occurrence of two or more things coming together (when species look identical but in reality do not have the same traits) | 132 | |
| 70311733 | adaptation | when species physically change overtime due to their environment | 133 | |
| 70311734 | fossils | the perserved trace, imprint, or remains of a plant or animal | 134 | |
| 70311735 | comparative anatomy | The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species | 135 | |
| 70311736 | niche | (ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species) | 136 | |
| 70311737 | virus | an extremely small organism which causes disease in humans, animals and plants | 137 | |
| 70311738 | secondary consumer | An organism that eats primary consumers | 138 | |
| 70311739 | primary consumers | animals that feed on producers; ex. herbivores | 139 | |
| 70311740 | organelles | small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs | 140 | |
| 70311741 | spindle fibers | help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules | 141 | |
| 70311742 | kingdom | one of seven biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia | 142 | |
| 70311743 | phylum | major classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division | 143 | |
| 70311744 | class | (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders | 144 | |
| 70311745 | Order | second to class ranking in the taxonomic system | 145 | |
| 70311746 | family | (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | 146 | |
| 70311747 | genus | a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms | 147 | |
| 70311748 | species | (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed | 148 | |
| 70311749 | bryophytes | A nonvascular plant that lives on the land; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts | 149 | |
| 70311750 | pterophytes | Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns | 150 | |
| 70311751 | gymnosperms | woody plants that produce seeds, but their seeds are not enclosed in fruits | 151 | |
| 70311752 | angiosperms | flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit | 152 | |
| 70311753 | intestine | the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus | 153 | |
| 70311754 | pharynx | the passage to the stomach and lungs | 154 | |
| 70311755 | esophagus | the passage between the pharynx and the stomach | 155 | |
| 70311756 | mouth | the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge | 156 | |
| 70311757 | gizzard | thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food | 157 | |
| 70311758 | crop | a pouch in many birds and some lower animals that resembles a stomach for storage and preliminary maceration of food | 158 | |
| 70311759 | autotroph | plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances | 159 | |
| 70311760 | heterotroph | an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition | 160 | |
| 70311761 | phylogeny | (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms | 161 | |
| 70311762 | fungi | the taxonomic kingdom of lower plants | 162 | |
| 70311763 | amphibians | vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded | 163 | |
| 70311764 | arthropods | invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages | 164 | |
| 70311765 | aves | birds | 165 | |
| 70311766 | mammals | vertebrates that live on land, fur or hair covers body, live birth, warm blooded | 166 | |
| 70311767 | decomposition | (biology) decaying caused by bacterial or fungal action | 167 | |
| 70311768 | coelom | fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm | 168 |
