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| 9083891119 | Robert Hooke | In 1665 he A examined a piece of cork under a crude microscope and identified "little rooms" as cells |  | 0 |
| 9083918994 | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek | Used more refined lenses to describe living cells from blood, sperm and pond water | 1 | |
| 9099117018 | Light Microscope | The first microscopes. Magnified up to 1,000 times | 2 | |
| 9099142479 | Resolution | Both human eye and the microscope lenses have limits of ___ -allows us to see objects as separate from one another -just details large enough | 3 | |
| 9099189570 | Using LM scientists study, | -microorganisms -animal and plant cells -some structures within cells | 4 | |
| 9099191224 | Cell theory | -all tliving things are composed of cells -all cells come from other cells | 5 | |
| 9099198397 | Electron Mocroscope | 1950's-to view ultrastructure of cells. It uses a beam of electrons aimed at a sample -as small as 2 nanometers -magnify up to 100,000 times | 6 | |
| 9099213539 | scanning Electron Microscopes | Show detailed architecture of cell surfaces |  | 7 |
| 9099217078 | Transmission Electron Microscope | Show details of internal cell structure |  | 8 |
| 9099589981 | Plasma Membrane | Forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings |  | 9 |
| 9099638958 | Phospholipid bilayer | Phospholipids form a two layer sheet called ___ in which -hydrophilic heads face outward , exposed to water -hydrophobic tails point onward, shielded from water |  | 10 |
| 9099649216 | Membrane Proteins | Are embedded in the lipid bolster of a cell': plasma membrane |  | 11 |
| 9099780467 | Cell size must.... | Be large enough to house DNA , proteins and structures needed to survive and reproduce but remain small enough to allow for a surface to volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment -smaller -more surface area | 12 | |
| 9099796075 | Prokaryotes | Bacteria Archaea | 13 | |
| 9099807355 | Eukaryotes | Animals Plants Fungi Protests | 14 | |
| 9099816203 | Prokaryotes (Diagram) | -Bacteria and Archaea only -always microscopic -nucleoid -capsule (sticky outer coat) -cell walls -fimbriae -smaller and simpler | 15 | |
| 9099820589 | Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have (Diagram) | -Cytoplasm (interior filled with thick jellylike fluid) -Plasma membrane -DNA and chromosomes -Ribosomes -Flagella (some cells) | 16 | |
| 9099824042 | Eukaryotes(diagram) | -Animals , plants, fungi and Protists -larger in size, though some are microscopic -membrane enclosed nucleus -membrane enclosed organelles that perform functions -cilia -cytosol | 17 | |
| 9099868788 | Some fungi and all plants also have cell walls but these walls are structurally different from prokaryotic ones. | 18 | ||
| 9099884899 | Chromosomes | Carry genes made of DNA | 19 | |
| 9099881585 | Ribosomes | Tiny structures made of rRNA that make proteins according to instructions from the genes | 20 | |
| 9099901481 | Basic Prokaryotic Structure | DNA is coiled into a region called nucleoid (nucleus-like) -no membrane surrounding DNA |  | 21 |
| 9099983699 | Outside plasma membrane of prokaryote -fairly rigid, chemical complex cell wall which | Protects cell Helps maintain shape | 22 | |
| 9099988037 | Some prokaryotes have surface projections | Short projections-Fimbriae -attach prokaryotes Longer Prokaryotes-Flagella -go around liquid | 23 | |
| 9100054626 | Eukaryotic Cells 4 basic functions* | 24 | ||
| 9100067566 | Genetic Control of the Cell * | Nucleus and Ribosomes | 25 | |
| 9100068822 | Manufacture, distribution and breakdown of molecules * | Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and perixosomes | 26 | |
| 9100072006 | Energy Processing* | Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant and algae cells are involved in ____ | 27 | |
| 9100074179 | Structural Support , movement and communication between cells* | Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane , cell wall, cell junctions, cilia and flagella | 28 | |
| 9100078693 | Internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments | 29 | ||
| 9100078694 | Cellular metabolism | The many chemical activities of cells, occurs within organelles | 30 | |
| 9100090069 | Lysosomes and centrosomes | Not found in plant cells | 31 | |
| 9100097638 | Flagella more common in animal sperm cells | 32 | ||
| 9100099869 | Also plant cells have | -rigid wall cellulose -plasmodesmata, cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells -chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs -central vacuole , a compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals | 33 | |
| 9100108510 | Nucleus-genetic instructions | Contains most of Crlls DNA -controls cell activities by making messenger RNA that directs photosynthesis -associated with proteins organized into chromosomes | 34 | |
| 9100111198 | Chromatin | When a cell is not dividing, this complex of proteins and DNA called ____ appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus | 35 | |
| 9100115187 | Nuclear Envelopes | The double membrane _____ has pores that -regulate entry and exit of large molecules -connect with the cell's network of membranes called ER | 36 | |
| 9100117442 | Nucleolus | -prominent structure in nucleus -site of ribosomal RNA synthesis | 37 | |
| 9100149117 | Ribosomes | Are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell | 38 | |
| 9100152814 | Free ribosomes.... | Suspended in cytoplasm | 39 | |
| 9100153513 | Bound ribosomes ... | Attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope | 40 | |
| 9100158868 | Endomembrane system | Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the | 41 | |
| 9100161361 | Vesicles | Sacs made of membrane-transfer membrane segments between them -moving products in and out of | 42 | |
| 9100176155 | Many of endomembrand organelles interact in the | -synthesusof molecules -distribution of molecules -storage of molecules -export of molecules | 43 | |
| 9100179822 | Endomembrane includes... | 1. Nuclear envelope 2 ER -largest component of E says -extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules 3. Golgi Apparatus 4. Lysosomes 5. Vacuoles 6. Plasma membrane | 44 | |
| 9100186384 | Two kinds of ER | Smooth ER -doesn't have attached ribosomes Rough ER Han bound ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane | 45 | |
| 9100189398 | SMOOTH ER involved in metabolic processes like : | 1. Production of enzymes important in synthesis of lipids, oils , phospholipids and steroids 2. Production of enzymes help process alcohol drugs and harmful substances 3. Storage of calcium Ions | 46 | |
| 9100202942 | Rough ER MAKES | -additional membrane for itself -secretory proteins (proteins destined to be secreted out of cell like hormones) | 47 | |
| 9100209164 | golgi Apparatus | Serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER Products such as proteins, enzymes, and carbs | 48 | |
| 9100237126 | Products of ER modified as golgi sacs move from one end of the golgi stack to the other | 49 | ||
| 9100237127 | Vesicles | -similar to soap bubbles -both made of lipids but vesicles in our cells are used for transporting molecules like proteins and carbs | 50 | |
| 9100243170 | Lysosomes | Membrane anclosed sac full of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes. -made in the rough ER -processed by the Golgi apparatus | 51 | |
| 9100272757 | Lysosomes(function) | 1. Fuse with food vacuoles and digest food 2. Destroy bacteria and viruses 3. Fuse with vesicles containing damaged organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell | 52 | |
| 9100289349 | Vacuoles | Large vesicles that have a variety of functions - some Protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist -regulate water In plants, vacuoles can -have digestive functions -contain pigments -contain poisons that protect plant | 53 | |
| 9100311876 | Peroxisomes | Are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system -break down of hydrogen peroxide , other harmful substances , and fatty acids (to be used as cellular fuel) | 54 | |
| 9100325910 | Mitochondria | Are organelles that carry out a process called cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells -powerhouse ofcell | 55 | |
| 9100329614 | Cellular respiration | Converts the chemical energy in food (usually glucose) into chemical energy called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | 56 | |
| 9100334671 | Two internal compartments of mitochondria | 1. Intermembrane space is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes 2. Mitochondrial matrix contains: -mitochondrial DNA -ribosomes -many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration | 57 | |
| 9100351820 | Cristae | Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane -increase the membrane surface area -enhance mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP | 58 | |
| 9100364313 | Photosynthesis | Is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules | 59 | |
| 9100366908 | Chloroplasts | Are the photosynthesizung orfanelles of plants and algae (which are the Protista) - are partitioned into compartments Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin intermembrane space | 60 | |
| 9100386684 | Stroma | Inside inner membrane is a thick fluid called ____which contains the chloroplast DNA , ribosomes , many enzymes.... |  | 61 |
| 9100397172 | Thylakoids | Network of interconnected sacs called ____ where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy |  | 62 |
| 9100399248 | Granum | In some regions,thylakoids are stacked like poker chips. Each stack is called ____ |  | 63 |
| 9100416067 | Mitochondria and chloroplasts. It's contain | -their own DNA -their own ribosomes Structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells | 64 | |
| 9100421525 | Endosymbiont theory | -mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes -then began living with large -leading to modern eukaryotes | 65 | |
| 9100459238 | Cytoskeleton | Cells contain a network of protein fibers called ____ which organize the structures and activities of the cell -mitosis-separate cells | 66 | |
| 9100475984 | Microtubules | (Made of tubular- a protein) -shape and support the cell -involved with motility -act as track along with organelles equipped with motor proteins move | 67 | |
| 9100502517 | Microtubile proteins assemble long tube like structures and then disassemble these structures when they are no longer needed | 68 | ||
| 9100502551 | Microtubules in animals | In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the center some which contains a pair of centrioles each compose s of a ring of microtubules | 69 | |
| 9100506212 | Intermediate Filaments | -found in most animals -reinforce cell shapes and anchor some organelles -often more permanent fixtures in cell | 70 | |
| 9100513741 | Microfilaments (aka actin filaments) | -support cell': shape -involved in motility | 71 | |
| 9100524094 | Colin and flagella move when microtubules bend | 72 | ||
| 9100524723 | Cilia | Short numerous appendages that propel Protista such as paramecium -work like oars of a boat |  | 73 |
| 9100536760 | Flagella | Other Protista may move using ____ longer than cilia And usually limited to one or a few per cell -some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or _____ | 74 | |
| 9100543161 | Flagellum | Longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion -differences of cilia and flagella exist but have a common structure and mechanism of movement | 75 | |
| 9100550435 | Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate Extra cellular Matrix which | 1. Helps hold cells together in tissues 2. Protects and supports the plasma membrane | 76 | |
| 9100564289 | Integrins | ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called ____ -span the membrane -attach on the other side to proteins connected to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton | 77 | |
| 9100571262 | Three types of cell junctions in animal tissues: | Adjacent cells adhere, interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them Right junction Anchoring junctions (desmosemes) Gap junctions | 78 | |
| 9100575841 | Tight junctions | Prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells -lining of intestines |  | 79 |
| 9100578701 | Anchoring junctions | (Desmosomes) fasten cells together into sheets -nspecialized protein -keratin -anchor fibers | 80 | |
| 9100583242 | Gap junctions | Are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein line pores between cells -pass through water and small molecules Help coordinate activities of adjacent cells |  | 81 |
| 9100592239 | Plant cells but not animal cells have a rigid cell wall that | -protects and provides the skeletal support to keep the plant upright -is primarily composed of cellulose | 82 | |
| 9100595268 | Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants to share | -water -nourishment -chemical messages | 83 | |
| 9100598602 | Eukaryotic cell structures -four functions | 1. Genetic control 2. Manufacturing , distribution and breakdown of materials 3. Energy processing 4. Structural support, 'movement and intercellular communication | 84 |
