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| 6162279282 | Vascular Tissues | Xylem and Phloem | 0 | |
| 6162282499 | Endocrine system | secrete hormones through glands | 1 | |
| 6162286255 | Pituitary Glands | growth hormones | 2 | |
| 6162307066 | Lutinizing Hormone | Production of sperm | 3 | |
| 6162309396 | Follicle Stimulating Hormone | maturation of follicles in the ovary | 4 | |
| 6162312208 | Pineal Gland | optic nerve. Third eye. Secretes seratonin and melatonin. Stimulates sleep and wakeness as well as sense of well-being. | 5 | |
| 6162315754 | Thyroid Gland | thyroxin is the hormone produced. Regulates metabolism (usually cellular). Hyperthyrodism is super excited. | 6 | |
| 6162322489 | Testis | secretes testosterone | 7 | |
| 6162323717 | Ovary | secretes estrogen | 8 | |
| 6162325534 | Adrenal Gland | adrenalin and epeniphren. On kidney. Important hormones. Adrenaline is in the sympathetic nervous system (eyes dilating). | 9 | |
| 6162330238 | Pancreas | Insulin and Glucagon. Insulin decreases blood sugar levels while Glucagon does the opposite. Most hormones are in the negative feedback look while oxytosin is in the positive feedback loop. | 10 | |
| 6162337415 | Adrenaline | In the sympathetic nervous system | 11 | |
| 6162341235 | Insulin | decreases blood sugar levels | 12 | |
| 6162341236 | Glucagon | increases blood sugar levels | 13 | |
| 6162346028 | hormones | target affecter cells and change tissues | 14 | |
| 6162348689 | Integumentary System | skin, protection by keratin. | 15 | |
| 6162352044 | Hypothalamus | homeostasis regulation. susceptible to injury. | 16 | |
| 6162356047 | Integumentary system | external covering of body (skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands, sweat and mucus.) Protection of deeper tissues. Sensory receptors. Thermosensors, pignosensors. | 17 | |
| 6162362075 | Sebaceous glands | oil that traps things inhivit the growth of bacteria because mucus may contain antiseptic lysozymes which break down bacteria cell wall. | 18 | |
| 6162368500 | Melanin | absorbs UV rays and protects against sunburn. Generates Vitamin D through exposure to UV light. Stores water, fat, and vitamin D. | 19 | |
| 6162373787 | Skin | Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue). | 20 | |
| 6162380202 | Cutaneous Glands | sweat glands hat secrete to regulate body temperature. | 21 | |
| 6162382262 | Sebaceous Glands | secrete oil to keep skin soft and germ free. | 22 | |
| 6162386439 | Ceruminous Glands | Produce earwax | 23 | |
| 6162388772 | Mammary Glands | milk-producing glands in breasts | 24 | |
| 6162393246 | Melanocytes | skin color | 25 | |
| 6162393247 | Langerhans | Made in bone marrow and work to fight infection. | 26 | |
| 6162395661 | Mucus | slippery secretion containing antiseptic lysozymes and immunoglobulins. | 27 | |
| 6162400929 | Lysozyme | breaks down bacterial and fungal peptidoglycan cell wall | 28 | |
| 6162402912 | Capillary Loop | goes into epidermal loop. When cold the loop is cut off. Seen in fur in animals, fluffier in the winter | 29 | |
| 6162413976 | Shivering | Contraction of muscles which warms the body up. | 30 | |
| 6162418575 | Vertebrates | muscles controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles can be completely autonomous. | 31 | |
| 6162421767 | Skeletal Muscle |  | 32 | |
| 6162423696 | Smooth Muscle |  | 33 | |
| 6182836587 | Cardiac Muscle |  | 34 | |
| 6182839778 | Myosin Heads | Contract the muscle | 35 | |
| 6182839779 | Striated muscle | attached to the skeleton. Used to create movement by applying force to bones and joints via contraction. | 36 | |
| 6182846735 | Sarcoplasmic reticulum | coating around muscle protein fiber. Charges calcium ions. | 37 | |
| 6182850512 | contract | If can't remove neurotransmitter from gap, muscle will ________ and stay that way. | 38 | |
| 6182854802 | enzymes | thing that it breaks down + ase. Sit in the gap that breaks down neurotransmitters. | 39 | |
| 6182860027 | neurotransmitter | acetyl-coline | 40 | |
| 6182862449 | hypothalamus | change in shape of smooth muscle by autonomic nervous system. | 41 | |
| 6182867736 | veins and arteries | change shape to change blood pressure. | 42 | |
| 6182871248 | blood | CO2 is produced in the tissue and ____ becomes fizzy and acidic. | 43 | |
| 6182873702 | hypothalamus | _____ senses decrease in blood pH (increased acidity). Leads to harder breathing. | 44 | |
| 6182880660 | Endoplasmic reticulum | In skeletal muscle, the _______ is pushed to the outside and becomes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | 45 | |
| 6182884318 | skeletal muscle | bundle of muscle fibers. | 46 | |
| 6182886592 | Myofibrils | contain sarcomeres (sliding filaments model). | 47 | |
| 6182889391 | Actin | thick and z-line. | 48 | |
| 6182890853 | Myosin | thin and n-line. | 49 | |
| 6182892785 | alpha-helical | actin and myosin are | 50 | |
| 6182898041 | myosin | rachets the actin and pulls it along. | 51 | |
| 6182899641 | tropomyosin | actin fiber is wrapped with this. The myosin binding site can't bind if it's there. | 52 | |
| 6182904200 | relaxed | tropomyosin is there, muscle is | 53 | |
| 6182905912 | Calcium | binds to the tropomyosin and releases the troponin so that the muscle contracts. | 54 | |
| 6182908823 | calcium ions | are in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | 55 | |
| 6182910586 | Striated muscle | apply force to bone and joints | 56 | |
| 6182913043 | Smooth muscle | change organ dimension. | 57 | |
| 6182921718 | Cardiac muscle | branched at interlocated disks. Capable of contracting as a single fiber without nervous stimulus. | 58 | |
| 6182925214 | Digestive system | ingestion, digestion, defecation, absorption. | 59 | |
| 6182928188 | Defecation | stuff we can't digest comes out. | 60 | |
| 6182934197 | Multi-cellular animals | take in food, digests it to extra energy, and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. | 61 | |
| 6182939141 | Ingestion | consumption by month through eating or drinking into the gastrointestinal tract. | 62 | |
| 6182941910 | Digestion | metabolism, substance is processes in order to chemically and mechanically convert the substance for the body to use. | 63 | |
| 6182947265 | Defecation | eliminate solid or semisolid waste material | 64 | |
| 6289169920 | Transpiration | process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves. Evaporation occurs. | 65 | |
| 6289176377 | Somatic | Voluntary nervous system | 66 | |
| 6289177282 | Mechanical Digestion | chewing | 67 | |
| 6289177283 | Chemical Digestion | breaking down. (Amylase, lipase, peptidase) | 68 | |
| 6289178537 | Amylase, lipase, peptidase | digestive enzymes | 69 | |
| 6289179317 | Absorb | small intestines | 70 | |
| 6289182019 | Large intestines | formation of feces by absorption of water | 71 | |
| 6289185870 | Esophagus | after mouth | 72 | |
| 6289186903 | stomach | after esophagus | 73 | |
| 6289188497 | small intestines | after stomach | 74 | |
| 6289188498 | rectum | after large intestines | 75 | |
| 6289192766 | saliva | protase and amylase enzymes | 76 | |
| 6289194866 | Liver | glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, detoxification. Largest gland. Production of bile-gall bladder stores it | 77 | |
| 6289199046 | Chyme | food in stomach going into intestines | 78 | |
| 6357427726 | Restriction Enzymes | bacterial protection against viruses. | 79 | |
| 6357428858 | Nervous system | specialized network makeup of Neurons. | 80 | |
| 6357431732 | Neurons | they conduct and use electro-chemical signals. Axons are bundled up to create nerves. | 81 | |
| 6357434484 | Somatic | voluntary control, skeletal muscle | 82 | |
| 6357436665 | Autonomic | involuntary. Sympathetic and parasympathetic (regulate processes) | 83 | |
| 6357438066 | Enteric | digestive system | 84 | |
| 6357439857 | Sympathetic | induced by hormones (adrenaline). Inhibits blood use in parts of body where it's not needed for fight or flight. | 85 | |
| 6357444113 | Parasympathetic | opposite response to sympathetic nervous system. Everything is relaxed and normal. Constriction of pupil, dilation of vessels, relaxation of heart. | 86 | |
| 6357450658 | Nervous | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system | 87 | |
| 6357453571 | Brain | center of CNS for behavior. | 88 | |
| 6357456718 | Spinal Cord | Long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves that is extension of CNS. | 89 | |
| 6357459415 | Neurons | also include the non-axon glial cells that ensheath the axons in the myelin. | 90 | |
| 6357462484 | Soma | cell-body of neuron | 91 | |
| 6357463578 | Urinary system | excretory system. | 92 | |
| 6357465585 | Fecal | digestion, removal of metabolic process throughout the body. | 93 | |
| 6357467236 | Kidney | Nephrons where diffusion is taking place. | 94 | |
| 6357469427 | Nephridia | individual organs that excrete the waste of metabolism | 95 | |
| 6357471518 | Electrolytes | ions from salts in out diets. | 96 | |
| 6357474285 | kidney stones | build up of electrolytes and lack of water. | 97 | |
| 6357476531 | Kidney | outer cortex, inner medulla. | 98 | |
| 6357477651 | Nephron | glamerillus (know of capilleries surrounded by bowman's capsule) | 99 | |
| 6357480790 | Nitrogenous wastes | the hardest to get rid of. We can't store ammonia (need to be turned into urea which costs us water) | 100 | |
| 6357485386 | Reptiles | Create ureic acid crystals to eliminate | 101 | |
| 6357487664 | Medulla | from Loop of Henley to | 102 | |
| 6357489211 | Callses | from Medulla to | 103 | |
| 6357490549 | Ureter | From Callses to | 104 | |
| 6357491945 | Urethra | From Ureter to | 105 | |
| 6357493770 | Worm | Exchange of gases through skin. | 106 | |
| 6357494902 | Fish | Exchange of gas through gills | 107 | |
| 6357496310 | Sinuses | nasal cavities to | 108 | |
| 6357497192 | Mouth | sinuses to | 109 | |
| 6357497205 | Trachea | mouth to | 110 | |
| 6357498778 | Bronchai | Trachea to | 111 | |
| 6357500401 | Smaller aveoli | Bronchai to | 112 | |
| 6357501507 | negative pressure breathing | we have this, which means that gas exchange causes respiration, and we contract the diaphragm | 113 | |
| 6357505151 | Diaphragm contracts | floor up | 114 | |
| 6365295443 | positive pressure breathing | frogs, no big use of lungs. expand lungs. | 115 | |
| 6365310095 | Acidity | carbon dioxide in blood | 116 | |
| 6365311953 | Circularory System | maintain homeostasis by moving nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells. Stabilize blood temp and pH. | 117 | |
| 6365316785 | Closed circulatory system | we have, more efficient, and blood never leaves arteries and veins. | 118 | |
| 6365320976 | Open circulatory system | blood leaves vessels + veins. Open space. No differentiation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, so NOT efficient. | 119 | |
| 6365328071 | Lymphatic system | parallel to circulatory system | 120 | |
| 6365332150 | Systematic circulation | portion of the system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. | 121 | |
| 6365336779 | Arteries | away from heart | 122 | |
| 6365336781 | veins | to heart | 123 | |
| 6365344268 | Narrowed artery | hardening of artery/vein from build up of plaque. | 124 | |
| 6365345568 | Occlusion | Clogged artery by fat. | 125 | |
| 6365347513 | Balloon angeoplasty | to fix it (with stint). | 126 | |
| 6365353480 | Aneurysm | abnormal blood flow. Dilation containing very thin arterial wall. | 127 | |
| 6365355741 | Varicose vein | when women wore girdles, distortion of blood vessels became balloony. | 128 | |
| 6365361706 | Pre-Ventricular Contractions | atrium not pushing into the ventricle. | 129 | |
| 6365363095 | Pulmonary Circulation | carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart and to the lungs. | 130 | |
| 6365367224 | Fibrigdon | In the blood to make fibrin. | 131 | |
| 6365369366 | Pulmonary Artery | blood back to lungs | 132 | |
| 6365369367 | Tricuspid valve | aortic valve | 133 | |
| 6365372304 | Swelling | pooling of blood. | 134 | |
| 6365374441 | athertosclerosis | artery and vein blockage | 135 | |
| 6365375750 | Veins | not as many layers | 136 | |
| 6365377591 | 72 | average bpm | 137 | |
| 6365379256 | Deviated septum | hole in heart. | 138 | |
| 6365380560 | Lymphatic System | transport of fatty acids, transport of liquids from tissues, production of immune cells such as lymphocytes. | 139 | |
| 6365383757 | Many organisms | obtain O2 for respiration, secrete nitrogenous wastes, circulating nutrients, regulating body temperature | 140 | |
| 6365391646 | Tuna and Mackrel | warm-blooded fish | 141 | |
| 6365393616 | Worm skin | skin is one cell layer with mucous gland. Oxygen diffuses into worm through skin. Nitrogenous wastes and electrolytes leave through skin by nephridia. | 142 | |
| 6365399321 | Skeleton worm | hydrostatic | 143 | |
| 6365404114 | Urinary worm | a pair of nephridia per segment secrete nitrogenous wastes, electrolytes, and other waste materials through skin | 144 | |
| 6365407632 | Glucose | from circulatory system - if sugar levels are too long, then glucagon is released to elevate | 145 | |
| 6365412934 | Epithelial tissues | absorb into circulatory system | 146 | |
| 6365417065 | Suboptimal design | design that doesn't make sense-we live on land. | 147 | |
| 6365418915 | Worm Circulatory | closed circulatory system, multiple ostea and aortic arches. Hemoglobin as oxygen carrier. Dorsal artery | 148 | |
| 6365424998 | Nervous worm | dorsal brain (cephalia is brain and head region). Ventral nerve cord with ganglia moves along the gut and stomach. | 149 | |
| 6365431313 | Digestive worm | mouth-pharynx-esophogus-crop-gizzard-intestine-anus | 150 | |
| 6365434773 | crop in worm | storage | 151 | |
| 6365434774 | gizzard in worm | grinding organ | 152 | |
| 6365436822 | Urinary fish | excrete nitrogenous wastes through gills | 153 | |
| 6365441040 | Nervous fish | not as well developed as ours | 154 | |
| 6365442931 | Integumentary fish | though epithelium is covered in scales | 155 | |
| 6365448158 | Respiratory fish | gills are site of gas exchange, lungs are for croaking. | 156 | |
| 6365450541 | Circulatory fish | two-chambered heart. (Amphibians have three-chambered) | 157 | |
| 6365455456 | Reproductive fish | usually externally sterilized (spread sperm overtop) | 158 | |
| 6365465086 | Vivorous | humans | 159 | |
| 6365465087 | ovivorous | eggs | 160 | |
| 6365466570 | Internal | shivering, fat burning, panting, dilation | 161 | |
| 6366251564 | External | insects flapping wings before flight, fish changing depth, reptiles basking in the sun | 162 | |
| 6366255108 | Squamate heart | three-chambered, reptiles | 163 | |
| 6366259744 | Frog heart | three-chambered, two atria and one ventricle | 164 | |
| 6366261205 | Stomates | work in the exchange of gases, leaf-spine. | 165 | |
| 6366264572 | Pistals | pollinate | 166 | |
| 6366264573 | Anthers | sex parts | 167 | |
| 6366265726 | pollen | sporaphite | 168 | |
| 6366267754 | hypothalamus | homeostasis, controls blood pH. environment, body, behavior. | 169 | |
| 6366270652 | Amyrillus | covering ovaries | 170 | |
| 6366271699 | Anthropods | open circulation | 171 | |
| 6366275295 | High heat capacity | integumentary system-lots of water- -----takes energy to change temp. | 172 | |
| 6366278023 | Salt | reduces freezing point in water, increases vaporization. | 173 | |
| 6366279527 | Arterioles | carry blood to the surface. reduces frostbite | 174 | |
| 6366281212 | Frost nip | frozen at stratified epithelium | 175 | |
| 6366282649 | Deep frostbite | freezing arterioles, hair follicle, edema, cells rupturing | 176 | |
| 6366285710 | Negative feedback loop | 177 | ||
| 6366285711 | Sugar balance | consumption of glucose to provide energy. Transported in blood. Insulin and glucagon. | 178 | |
| 6366291101 | Oxygen | ____burned in our cells when we use glucose to make energy | 179 | |
| 6366292747 | Glucose burned | our body responds by breathing harder. Nervous response is to maintain homeostasis | 180 | |
| 6366294740 | Blood glucose down | alpha cells of pancreas secrete glucagon into blood. Breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. | 181 | |
| 6366299080 | Positive feedback loop | contractions, more oxytosin, more contractions rapidly | 182 | |
| 6366300478 | Beta cells | release insulin | 183 | |
| 6366301452 | Urinary system | regulates water | 184 | |
| 6366304744 | Kidneys | eliminate waste | 185 | |
| 6366304745 | Blood pH | 7.4. Oxygen comes from hemoglobin in blood | 186 | |
| 6366309302 | CO2 and H+ | in breakdown of glucose | 187 | |
| 6366310414 | acidosis | less than 7.4. Enzymes denaturing, pH changes but no harder breathing-pass out. | 188 | |
| 6366310415 | death | less than 6.8 | 189 | |
| 6366312794 | death | more than 7.8 | 190 | |
| 6366318622 | Kidneys fail | waste becomes toxic | 191 | |
| 6366320166 | Kidney stones | too much salt, not enough water | 192 | |
| 6366323602 | diarrhea | may secrete water and mucus instead of absorbing nutrients | 193 | |
| 6366325860 | Nervous | respond to changes in the stomach and cause vomiting-eliminate toxic or infectious substances. | 194 | |
| 6366330068 | Dehydration | result of vomiting and diarrhea | 195 | |
| 6366330069 | dehydration | not enough water to cool skin down to perspire | 196 | |
| 6366332131 | dehydration | circulatory system fails to maintain its normal fluidity-harder for heart to pump blood, increased blood pressure | 197 | |
| 6366335197 | dehydration | urinary system may not be able to eliminate wastes effectively. Toxins may build up in kidneys. | 198 | |
| 6383234937 | higher body temp | increase of body's response to infection | 199 | |
| 6383239800 | Higher body temp | lower availability of iron which bacterial infections are based off of. | 200 | |
| 6383242699 | Paradoxical shivering | high fevers where hypothalamus is tempered with | 201 | |
| 6383247639 | Fever | 99.6-105 degrees | 202 | |
| 6383250743 | Brain infection (meningitis or encephalitis or poison) | only time when hypothalamus or brain is damaged by fever | 203 | |
| 6383257448 | Heat exhaustion | cold and clammy skin. No sweat. | 204 | |
| 6383259817 | Febrile seizures | high fevers in kids, no damage. | 205 | |
| 6383262012 | Sweating | pulls heat away from skin as water has a high specific heat capacity | 206 |
