additions from bio 241 lecture
Terms : Hide Images
| 900341373 | Macromolecules | Huge molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids. | |
| 900341374 | Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. | |
| 900341375 | Monomers | The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer. | |
| 900341376 | Enzymes | Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions. | |
| 900341377 | Dehydration Reaction | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |  |
| 900341378 | Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that involves splitting a compound into two or more other compounds through the addition of water. |  |
| 900341379 | Carbohydrates | Include both sugars and polymers of sugars. Made up of a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (CH2O)n Some Functions: Quick fuel Short-term energy storage Structure of organisms Cell to cell recognition | |
| 900341380 | Monosaccharide | The simplest carbohydrate. | |
| 900341381 | Trioses | 3-carbon sugars (C₃H₆O₃) |  |
| 900341382 | Pentoses | 5-carbon sugars (C₅H₁₀O₅) |  |
| 900341383 | Glucose | Aldose The body's blood sugar; a simple form of carbohydrate. |  |
| 900341384 | Galactose | Aldose A simple sugar found in lactose. |  |
| 900341385 | Fructose | Ketose A simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits. |  |
| 900341386 | Hexoses | 6-carbon sugars (C₆H₁₂O₆) | |
| 900341387 | Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. (sucrose = glucose + fructose) | |
| 900341388 | Glycosidic Linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. | |
| 900341389 | Polysaccharide | A macromolecule formed from thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. | |
| 900341390 | Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. Formed from glucose monomers joined by 1-4 linkages. Two forms: amylose and amylopectin. |  |
| 900341391 | Amylose | The simplest form of starch; unbranched. |  |
| 900341392 | Amylopectin | A more complex, branched form of starch with 1-6 linkages at branch points. |  |
| 900341393 | Maltose | Glucose + Galactose |  |
| 900341394 | Sucrose | Glucose + Fructose |  |
| 900341395 | Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. |  |
| 900341396 | Cellulose | A structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. Never branched. |  |
| 900341397 | α Glucose | Forms starch. |  |
| 900341398 | β glucose | Forms cellulose. |  |
| 900341399 | Chitin | A structural carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons. | |
| 900341400 | Lipid | Nonpolar, insoluble macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Some Functions: Energy Storage Found in the plasma membrane Component of steroid hormones | |
| 900341402 | Fat | Also called triacylglycerol. Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Purpose: storage, cushioning, insulation. |  |
| 900341407 | Glycerol | An alcohol found in fats; each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group. |  |
| 900341410 | Fatty Acid | A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat. |  |
| 900341411 | Ester Linkage | A bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group. |  |
| 900341417 | Saturated Fatty Acid | A fatty acid in which all carbons are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton. |  |
| 900341418 | Unsaturated Fatty Acid | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds. Nearly all double bonds in natural fatty acids are cis bonds, which cause a kink in the chain. |  |
| 900341419 | Trans Fats | Unsaturated fats with trans double bonds. | |
| 900341420 | Phospholipids | Essential lipds that form cell membranes. Has two fatty acids and one phosphate group attached to a glycerol. When added to water, form double-layered structures called "bilayers." |  |
| 900341421 | Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Distinguished by the particular chemical groups attached. |  |
| 900341422 | Cholesterol | A common component of animal cell membranes and the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized. Synthesized in the liver. | |
| 900341423 | Catalysts | Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction. | |
| 900341424 | Polypeptides | Polymers of amino acids. | |
| 900341425 | Protein | A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. | |
| 900341426 | Enzymatic Proteins | Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions. |  |
| 900341427 | Storage Proteins | Function: storage of amino acids (ex - casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites) | |
| 900341428 | Hormonal Proteins | Function: coordination of an organism's activities. (ex - insulin causes other tissues to take up glucose) |  |
| 900341429 | Contractile and Motor Proteins | Function: movement. Responsible for undulations of cilia and flagella, contraction of muscles. | |
| 900341430 | Defensive Proteins | Function: protection against disease. (ex - antibodies) |  |
| 900341431 | Transport Proteins | Function: transport of substances (ex - transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in blood, transport of molecules across cell membranes) |  |
| 900341432 | Receptor Proteins | Function: response of cell to chemical stimuli (ex - nerve cell receptors detect signaling molecules) |  |
| 900341433 | Structural Proteins | Function: support (ex - keratin in hair, collagen and elastin in connective tissue) |  |
| 900341434 | Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group. There are 20 types. |  |
| 900341435 | Peptide Bond | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |  |
| 900341436 | Primary Structure | Linear chain of amino acids. |  |
| 900341437 | Secondary Structure | Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. Two types: α helix (hair) and β sheet (silk). |  |
| 900341438 | Tertiary Structure | Three-dimentional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains. Reinforced by disulfide bridges. |  |
| 900341439 | Hydrophobic Interaction | Water surrounding the protein causes nonpolar side chains to cluster at the core of the protein. |  |
| 900341440 | Disulfide Bridges | Form where two cysteine monomers, which have sulfhydryl groups, are brought close together by the folding of the protein. The sulfur of one cysteine bonds to the sulfur of the second. |  |
| 900341441 | Quaternary Structure | Association of multiple polypeptides, forming a functional protein. |  |
| 900341442 | Sickle-cell Disease | An inherited blood disorder caused by the substitution of one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin. | |
| 900341443 | Denaturation | Loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat, transfer from an aqueous environment to a nonpolar solvent, or chemicals that disrupt the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges that maintain a protein's shape. | |
| 900341444 | Chaperonins | Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins, but do not specify the final structure of a polypeptide. |  |
| 900341445 | X-ray Crystallography | Used to determine the 3-D structure of proteins. | |
| 900341446 | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | A method for analyzing protein structure that does not require protein crystallization. | |
| 900341447 | Bioinformatics | A newer approach that predicts the 3-D structure of polypeptides from their amino acid sequences. | |
| 900341448 | Peptidoglycan | A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid. | |
| 900341449 | Organic Chemistry | The study of carbon compounds. | |
| 900341450 | Vitalism | The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws. (obsolete) | |
| 900341451 | Mechanism | The view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena, including the processes of life. | |
| 900341452 | Methane | CH₄ |  |
| 900341453 | Ethane | C₂H₆ |  |
| 900341454 | Ethene | C₂H₄ |  |
| 900341455 | Length | One way that carbon skeletons can vary. |  |
| 900341456 | Branching | One way that carbon skeletons can vary. |  |
| 900341457 | Double Bond Position | One way that carbon skeletons can vary. |  |
| 900341458 | Presence of Rings | One way that carbon skeletons can vary. |  |
| 900341459 | Hydrocarbons | Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. | |
| 900341460 | Isomers | Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties. | |
| 900341461 | Structural Isomers | Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. Carbons must be single-bonded. |  |
| 900341462 | Cis-Trans Isomers | Formerly called geometric isomers. Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds. |  |
| 900341463 | Cis Isomer |  | |
| 900341464 | Trans Isomer |  | |
| 900341465 | Enantiomers | Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. Two types: L (levo) and D (dextro). |  |
| 900341466 | Asymmetric/Chiral Carbon | A carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms. | |
| 900341467 | Functional Groups | Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions. | |
| 900341468 | Hydroxyl | Polar; forms H-bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds. Compound: alcohols. |  |
| 900341469 | Alcohol |  | |
| 900341470 | Carbonyl | >CO Compound: ketones, aldehydes |  |
| 900341471 | Ketone | If the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton. |  |
| 900341472 | Aldehyde | If the carbonyl group is at the end of the skeleton. |  |
| 900341473 | Carboxyl | -COOH Acts as an acid: can donate an H⁺ because the covalent bond between O and H is so polar. Compound: carboxylic/organic acid. |  |
| 900341474 | Carboxylic Acid | Can donate an H⁺ because the covalent bond between O and H is so polar. |  |
| 900341475 | Amino | -NH₂ Acts as a base; can pick up H⁺ from the surrounding solution. Compound: Amine |  |
| 900341476 | Amine | Acts as a base; can pick up H⁺ from the surrounding solution. |  |
| 900341477 | Sulfhydryl | -SH Two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a disulfide bridge that stabilizes protein structure (tertiary structure). Compound: Thiol |  |
| 900341478 | Cysteine | An important sulfur-containing amino acid. Two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a disulfide bridge that stabilizes protein structure (tertiary structure). |  |
| 900341479 | Phosphate | -OPO₃²⁻ Contributes negative charge to the molecule (2- at the end, 1- internally) |  |
| 900341480 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | When three phosphates are present, one may split off to react with water. Becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |  |
| 900341481 | Methyl | -CH3 Affects gene expression, sex hormones. |  |
| 900341482 | Acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | |
| 900341483 | Base | A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | |
| 900341484 | Buffer | A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution. | |
| 900341485 | Calorie | The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie. | |
| 900341486 | Celsius Scale | A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9(°F - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C. | |
| 900341487 | Cohesion | The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. | |
| 900341488 | Colloid | A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid. | |
| 900341490 | Evaporative Cooling | The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state. | |
| 900341493 | Heat | The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form. | |
| 900341494 | Joule | A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J. | |
| 900341496 | Kinetic Energy | The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. | |
| 900341499 | Molarity | A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. | |
| 900341501 | Mole | The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules. | |
| 900341503 | Molecular Mass | The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight. | |
| 900341504 | Ocean Acidification | Decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels. | |
| 900341506 | Polar Covalent Bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. | |
| 900341508 | Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. | |
| 900341510 | Solution | A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. | |
| 900341512 | Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. | |
| 900341514 | Specific Heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C. | |
| 900341515 | Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. | |
| 900341517 | Temperature | A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules. | |
| 900341519 | Heat of Vaporization | The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas. | |
| 900341522 | Hydrophilic | Having a strong affinity for water. | |
| 900341524 | Hydrophobic | Lacking affinity for water. | |
| 900341525 | pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. | |
| 900341527 | Buffer | A solution that is resistant to large changes in pH | |
| 900341529 | Acid Precipitation | Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water. | |
| 900341531 | Element | ... | |
| 900341532 | Compound | ... | |
| 900341534 | Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. | |
| 900341536 | Atomic Number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. | |
| 900341539 | Atomic Mass | The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom. | |
| 900341540 | Dalton | A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu. | |
| 900341541 | Isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. | |
| 900341542 | Electron Shell | ... | |
| 900341543 | Valence Shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. | |
| 900341544 | Orbital | The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time. | |
| 900341545 | Chemical Bond | An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. | |
| 900341546 | Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. | |
| 900341547 | Molecule | ... | |
| 900341548 | Electronegativity | ... | |
| 900341549 | Nonpolar Covalent Bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. | |
| 900341550 | Polar Covalent Bond | ... | |
| 900341551 | Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. | |
| 900341552 | Ionic Bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. | |
| 900341553 | Hydrogen Bond | A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule. | |
| 900341554 | Van der Waals Interactions | Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges. | |
| 900341555 | Chemical Reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. | |
| 900341556 | Reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction. | |
| 900341557 | Product | ... | |
| 900341558 | Chemical Equilibrium | In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time. | |
| 900341559 | Trace Element | An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. | |
| 900341560 | Evolution | The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today. | |
| 900341561 | Biology | The study of life. | |
| 900341562 | Emergent Properties | New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. | |
| 900341563 | Reductionism | The approach of reducing complex systems into simpler components that are more manageable to study. | |
| 900341564 | Systems Biology | An approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. | |
| 900341565 | Global Climate Change | A broad term that refers to changes in the earth's climate mostly as a result of changes in temperature and precipitation. | |
| 900341566 | Eukaryotic Cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals. |  |
| 900341567 | Prokaryotic Cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in bacteria and archaea. |  |
| 900341568 | DNA | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. |  |
| 900341569 | Genes | The units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring. | |
| 900341570 | Gene Expression | Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein. | |
| 900341571 | Genome | The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. | |
| 900341572 | Genomics | The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species. | |
| 900341573 | Bioinformatics | The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets. | |
| 900341574 | Feedback Regulation | The output, or product, of a process regulates that very process. | |
| 900341575 | Negative Feedback | Accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. |  |
| 900341576 | Positive Feedback | Accumulation of an end product speeds up its own production; less common than negative feedback. |  |
| 900341577 | Taxonomy | The branch of biology that classifies plants and animals into groups of increasing breadth, based on the degree to which they share characteristics. Domain> Kingdom> Phylum> Class> Order> Family> Genus> Species |  |
| 900341578 | Domain | The inclusive taxonomic group, larger than kingdom: bacteria, archaea, eukarya | |
| 900341579 | Bacteria | One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea. | |
| 900341580 | Archaea | One of two prokaryotic domains of life; are typically now found in extreme environments. | |
| 900341581 | Eukarya | Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals. | |
| 900341582 | Kingdom | Second largest taxonomic group, distinguished partly by modes of nutrition: animalia, plantae, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi. | |
| 900341583 | Charles Darwin | Made three observations from nature: 1) individuals in a population vary in traits, many heritable. 2) a population can produce far more offspring than can survive to produce offspring of their own. 3) species generally suit their environments. | |
| 900341584 | Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | |
| 900341585 | Science | a way of knowing that seeks to understand the natural world within the limits of naturalistic explanations. | |
| 900341586 | Inquiry | The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions. |  |
| 900341587 | Data | Recorded observations. | |
| 900341588 | Qualitative | Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements. | |
| 900341589 | Quantitative | Data generally recorded as measurements. | |
| 900341590 | Inductive Reasoning | A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. | |
| 900341591 | Hypothesis | A rational, tentative answer for a set of observations, based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. Must be TESTABLE and FALSIFIABLE. |  |
| 900341592 | Deductive Reasoning | A type of reasoning in which specific results are predicted from a general premise; "if...then" logic. | |
| 900341593 | Scientific Method | An idealized process of inquiry. | |
| 900341594 | Warning Coloration | Distinctive patterns that stand out against the background, used by poisonous animals to ward off predators. | |
| 900341595 | Controlled Experiment | An experiment that compares an experimental group with a control group. Ideally, the two groups differ only in the factor the experiment is designed to test. | |
| 900341596 | Theory | An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence. | |
| 900341597 | Model Organism | A species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigated. | |
| 900341598 | Technology | The practical application of science to commerce or industry. | |
| 900341599 | Jakob Bohme (1575-1624) | The doctrine of signatures | |
| 900341600 | Scripture & Creation | God's two books of Revelation | |
| 900341601 | Theology | a human discipline created to study the Scriptures. | |
| 900341602 | Science | a human discipline created to study the Creation. | |
| 900341603 | methodological | using natural methods | |
| 900341604 | metaphysical | no supernatural exists | |
| 900341605 | naturalism | nature is everything | |
| 900341606 | materialism | matter is everything | |
| 900341607 | Discovery Science | describes structures and processes using observation and analysis. It produces general conclusions (based on observations) via inductive reasoning | |
| 900341608 | Hypothesis-Based Science | seeks explanations of phenomena by proposing and testing hypotheses. It moves from general observations to specific conclusions. Hypotheses are tested using deductive reasoning. Hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable. | |
| 900341609 | polar | -water unequal sharing of electrons | |
| 900341610 | four properties of water | 1.Cohesive behavior 2.Ability to moderate temperature 3.Expansion upon freezing 4.Versatility as a solvent | |
| 900341611 | Organic Compound | - compound containing carbon and (usually hydrogen); originally thought to be made only by living organisms (also frequently O, N, S, & P) | |
| 900341612 | Structural isomers | have different covalent arrangements of their atoms | |
| 900341613 | Geometric isomers | have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements | |
| 900341614 | nucleic acids | Genetic Information and Energy (ATP, etc.) | |
| 900341615 | Fats | Usually of animal origin Solid at room temperature | |
| 900341616 | Oils | Usually of plant origin Liquid at room temperature | |
| 900341617 | components of a nucleotide | Phosphate Pentose sugar Nitrogen-containing base |
