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| 2720522465 | C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30->32 ATP | The equation for cellular respiration |  | 0 |
| 2720522466 | C6H12O6 | The molecular formula for glucose as it appears in the equation for CR |  | 1 |
| 2720522467 | 6O2 | The molecular formula for oxygen as it appears in the equation for CR |  | 2 |
| 2720522468 | 6CO2 | The molecular formula for carbon dioxide as it appears in the equation for CR |  | 3 |
| 2720522469 | 6H2O | The molecular formula for water as it appears in the equation for CR |  | 4 |
| 2720522470 | Cytosol | Glycolysis occurs in the _______. |  | 5 |
| 2720522471 | Anaerobic | Glycolysis is an (anaerobic/aerobic) reaction. |  | 6 |
| 2720522472 | Pyruvate | In glycolysis, glucose splits in half to form two molecules of ________. |  | 7 |
| 2720522473 | Acetyl CoA | In the second stage of CR, which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is oxidized, losing an electron and converted to ______ ___. |  | 8 |
| 2720522474 | Mitochondrial matrix | The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the _____________ _______. |  | 9 |
| 2720522475 | Substrate level phosphorylation | The enzymatic addition of a phosphate to ADP to make ATP, which occurs during CR stages 1 and 3, is called _________ _____ _______________. |  | 10 |
| 2720522476 | Oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an Electron Transport Chain is called __________ _______________. |  | 11 |
| 2720522477 | Oxidation | The loss of an electron is called _________. |  | 12 |
| 2720522478 | Reduction | The gain of an electron is called _________. |  | 13 |
| 2720522479 | Redox reactions | The gain and loss of electrons in a series of reactions is called _____ _________. |  | 14 |
| 2720522480 | Exergonic | The flow of energy in the ETC is (exergonic/endergonic)? |  | 15 |
| 2720522481 | Oxidation | Decarboxylation is a form of _________. | | 16 |
| 2720522482 | NADH | NAD+ is a stored coenzyme. Hydrogen from glucose bonds with it to form ____ in oxidation. |  | 17 |
| 2720522483 | Oxidized | In CR, C6H12O6 is ________ to form 6CO2. |  | 18 |
| 2720522484 | Reduced | In CR, 6O2 is _______ to form 6H2O. | | 19 |
| 2720522485 | Electron carriers | NAD+ and FAD are ________ ________ which pick up hydrogens and transport them to the ETC. |  | 20 |
| 2720522486 | 2 | The net gain of ATP in Glycolysis is _. |  | 21 |
| 2720522487 | 0 | The net gain of ATP in Oxidation of Pyruvate is _. |  | 22 |
| 2720522488 | 2 | The net gain of ATP in the Citric Acid Cycle is _. |  | 23 |
| 2720522489 | 26-28 | The net gain of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain is __. |  | 24 |
| 2720522490 | Glucose | The initial substrate in glycolysis, which will be catabolized in a series of reactions in the pathway, is _______. |  | 25 |
| 2720522491 | ATP | ___ stored in cells is used to initiate glycolysis. |  | 26 |
| 2720522492 | Hydrolysis and phosphorylation | Glycolysis - and all of CR - begins with ATP ___________ ___ _______________. |  | 27 |
| 2720522493 | Phosphate | When ATP is hydrolyzed, glucose receives a _________ from stored ADP to form Glucose 6 - Phosphate. |  | 28 |
| 2720522494 | Carbon 6 | Phosphorylation takes place on ______ _. |  | 29 |
| 2720522495 | Kinases | _______ are the enzymes that function in phosphorylation |  | 30 |
| 2720522496 | Dehydrogenases | _____________ are the enzymes that remove hydrogen during CR. |  | 31 |
| 2720522497 | NAD+ | In steps 5 and 6 of glycolysis, glucose intermediates are oxidized and stored and ____ is reduced to NADH by accepting an electron. |  | 32 |
| 2720522498 | NADH, Pyruvate, and 2 ATP | The three main products of glycolysis are: ____, ________, and _ ___. |  | 33 |
| 2720522499 | Acetyl CoA | Oxidation of pyruvate is primarily concerned with making ______ ___. |  | 34 |
| 2720522500 | Transport proteins | In the second stage of CR, O2 activates _________ ________ in the mitochondrial membrane to bring pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix. |  | 35 |
| 2720522501 | Decarboxylation | In stage 2, pyruvate goes through _______________ with the removal of ---COOH. |  | 36 |
| 2720522502 | CO2 | During the decarboxylation of pyruvate, ---COO is given off as ___. |  | 37 |
| 2720522503 | NADH | During the decarboxylation of pyruvate, the e- from H bonds with stored NAD+ to form ____. |  | 38 |
| 2720522504 | Acetyl CoA | Post-decarboxylation and reduction of NAD+ to NADH, the 2-Carbon fragments remaining bind with coenzyme A (a molecule in the mitochondria) to form ______ ___. |  | 39 |
| 2720522505 | CO2, NADH, and Acetyl CoA | The main products of stage two are ___, ____, and ______ ___. |  | 40 |
| 2720522506 | Citrate | The citric acid cycle (CAC) begins when acetate, a 2 carbon compound from acetyl CoA, combines with oxaloacetate, a 4 carbon compound from the cyclic series of the reaction, to form _______. |  | 41 |
| 2720522507 | CO2 | Cycles 2 through 4 are when ___ is released through decarboxylation. | | 42 |
| 2720522508 | Succinyl CoA | In the CAC, phosphate from ________ ___ goes through a series of reactions before binding with stored ADP to make ATP in substrate level phosphorylation. |  | 43 |
| 2720522509 | Succinyl CoA | The substrate in substrate level phosphorylation that occurs in the CAC is ________ ___. | | 44 |
| 2720522510 | CO2, NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP. | The 4 main products of the CAC are ___, ____, _____, and _ ___. |  | 45 |
| 2720522511 | Transport protein | In the CR, ATP synthase acts as both an enzyme and a _________ _______. | | 46 |
| 2720522512 | ATP | As an enzyme, ATP synthases catalyzes the production of ___. |  | 47 |
| 2720522513 | H+ ions | As a transport protein, ATP synthase moves __ ____ from the inter-membrane space into the mitochondrial matrix. | | 48 |
| 2720522514 | Oxidative phosphorylation | In the ETC, ATP is produced by _________ _______________. | | 49 |
| 2720522515 | Chemiosmosis | A term used to depict an energy coupling process |  | 50 |
| 2720522516 | Proton pumps | The energy from the exergonic flow of electrons down the ETC (redox reactions) is used to move H+ ions against their concentration gradient from the matrix to the intermembrane space via the activation of ______ _____. |  | 51 |
| 2720522517 | NADH and FADH2 | The input substrates of the ETC are ____ and _____. | | 52 |
| 2720522518 | Oxidized | In the ETC, NADH and FADH2 are ________ and release H that dissociates into H+ and e- in the matrix. | | 53 |
| 2720522519 | Increases | Electronegativity _________ as the e- from dissociated NADH and FADH2 move down the ETC. |  | 54 |
| 2720522520 | Released | As e- move down the ETC, energy is ________. |  | 55 |
| 2720522521 | H+ ions | A protein complex (proton pump) absorbs energy from the flow of e- down the ETC to push __ ____ from the matrix to the intermembrane space against the concentration gradient. |  | 56 |
| 2720522522 | Potential energy | A collection of H+ ions in the intermembrane space creates a H+ ion gradient. This electrochemical gradient stores a lot of _________ ______. |  | 57 |
| 2720522523 | ATP synthase | H+ ions move down their concentration gradient from intermembrane space to matrix via ___ ________ as a transport protein. | | 58 |
| 2720522524 | ADP and Pi | Released energy is absorbed by ATP synthase which stimulates the active site of the enzyme for binding of stored ___ and __ to produce ATP. |  | 59 |
| 2720522525 | Enzymatic membrane protein | The role of ATP in the final part of the ETC is as an _________ ________ _______. |  | 60 |
| 2720522526 | Exergonic | Catabolism (such as cellular respiration) is an _________ reaction (refers to whether energy is released or absorbed/required). | | 61 |
| 2720522527 | Endergonic | Anabolism (such as photosynthesis) is an __________ reaction (refers to whether energy is released or absorbed/required). |  | 62 |
| 2720522528 | - Delta G | In an exergonic reaction, such as cellular respiration, there is what kind of net change in energy? |  | 63 |
| 2720522529 | + Delta G | In an endergonic reaction, such as photosynthesis, there is what kind of net change in energy? | | 64 |
| 2720522530 | Hydrolysis | When a water molecule is used to break apart chemical bonds (catabolism). |  | 65 |
| 2720522531 | Dehydration synthesis | When a chemical bond is formed between a monomer and another monomer, creating water (anabolism). |  | 66 |
| 2720522532 | Metabolic pathway | The sequence of conversions in the metabolic process |  | 67 |
| 2720522533 | Low quality | Energy naturally flows from high quality to ___ _______. |  | 68 |
| 2720522534 | Increases | As energy decreases, entropy _________. |  | 69 |
| 2720522535 | Random | Heat is energy in its most ______ form. |  | 70 |
| 2720522536 | Isothermic | To use heat as energy you must be able to transfer it to another (cooler) object (think of dropping cold eggs into boiling water; the water stops boiling for a moment while it transfers heat to the eggs). Cells cannot use this type of transferred heat because they are __________. |  | 71 |
| 2720522537 | Free energy | The fourth type of energy, what is available for cellular work heat has been factored out from the system's total energy, is ____ ______. |  | 72 |
| 2720522538 | Hydrolysis | ATP works in cellular respiration through two processes. The first, in which ATP is catabolized into ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate), is __________. | | 73 |
| 2720522539 | Phosphorylation | ATP works in cellular respiration through two processes. The second, in which a phosphate is added to stored ADP, is called _______________. |  | 74 |
| 2720522540 | Enzyme Substrate Complex | When an enzyme and substrate come together at the active site, that is called the ______ _________ _______. |  | 75 |
| 2720522541 | Induced fit model | The _______ ___ _____ for creating the enzyme substrate complex is different from the lock and key model in that it means the enzyme itself conforms slightly to fit the substrate. |  | 76 |
| 2720522542 | Competitive inhibitor | A ___________ _________ resembles the normal substrate in structure and reduces the productivity of enzymes by competing for the active site. | | 77 |
| 2720522543 | Non-competitive inhibitor | A _______________ _________ does not directly compete with substrates but binds to an allosteric site, distorting the shape of an enzyme and thereby affecting its function. |  | 78 |
| 2720522544 | Allosteric | In the negative feedback mechanism of enzyme activity, a product binds to an __________ site in the first enzyme of a biological pathway. |  | 79 |
| 2720522545 | Co-factor | Inorganic, non-protein helper molecule that activates binding mechanism and is required for the protein's activity. It assists in biochemical reactions and is associated with the active site. | | 80 |
| 2720522546 | Co-enzyme | Organic non-protein compounds required by certain enzymes to active the binding mechanism, which binds to the active site and participate in catalysis. |  | 81 |
| 2720522547 | Denature | Extreme environmental conditions (such as temperature and pH) can ________ enzymes, changing their shape and affecting function. |  | 82 |
