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| 1886066491 | Molecular biology | The study of heredity at the molecular level | 0 | |
| 1886066492 | Bacteriophages | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. | 1 | |
| 1886066493 | Nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases | 2 | |
| 1886066494 | Polynucleotide | A polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together | 3 | |
| 1886066495 | Sugar-phosphate backbone | The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached | 4 | |
| 1886066496 | DNA | (deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. | 5 | |
| 1886066497 | Thymine | A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base. | 6 | |
| 1886066498 | Cytosine | A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base. | 7 | |
| 1886066499 | Adenine | A component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base. | 8 | |
| 1886066500 | Guanine | A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base. | 9 | |
| 1886066501 | Uracil | A nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine | 10 | |
| 1886066502 | Double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. | 11 | |
| 1886066503 | Semiconservative model | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. Watson and Crick's model. | 12 | |
| 1886066504 | Origins of replication | Sites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins. | 13 | |
| 1886066505 | DNA polymerases | Enzyme that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand. Add nucleotides to the 3' end and never to the 5' end. | 14 | |
| 1886066506 | DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain. | 15 | |
| 1886066507 | Transcription | The organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA | 16 | |
| 1886066508 | Translation | The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm | 17 | |
| 1886066509 | Triplet code | A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains | 18 | |
| 1886066510 | Codons | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. | 19 | |
| 1886066511 | Genetic code | A set of rules that defines how the four-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. | 20 | |
| 1886066512 | RNA polymerase | An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template. | 21 | |
| 1886066513 | Terminator | A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene | 22 | |
| 1886066514 | Messenger RNA | (mRNA) RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell | 23 | |
| 1886066515 | Introns | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene. | 24 | |
| 1886066516 | Exons | A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns. | 25 | |
| 1886066517 | RNA splicing | Process by which introns are removed and exons are joined together. | 26 | |
| 1886066518 | Transfer RNA | (tRNA) Converts the words of codons to the amino acid words of proteins | 27 | |
| 1886066519 | Anticodon | A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule. | 28 | |
| 1886066520 | Ribosomes | Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized. | 29 | |
| 1886066521 | Ribosomal RNA | (rRNA) The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons. | 30 | |
| 1886066522 | Start codon | A specific codon (AUG) that signals to the ribosome that the translation commences at that point | 31 | |
| 1886066523 | Codon recognition | the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome | 32 | |
| 1886066524 | Peptide bond formation | The polypeptide separates from the tRNA to which it was bound and attaches to a peptide bond to the aminno acid carried by the rRNA in the A site. | 33 | |
| 1886066525 | Translocation | Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome | 34 | |
| 1886066526 | Stop codon | UAG, UAA, or UGA; the codon that ends all RNA. | 35 | |
| 1886066527 | Mutation | A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule | 36 | |
| 1886066528 | Silent mutation | A mutation that changes the codon triplet of nucleotides; however, the codon still codes for the same protein as before the mutation. | 37 | |
| 1886066529 | Missense mutation | A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid. | 38 | |
| 1886066530 | Nonsense mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | 39 | |
| 1886066531 | Reading frame | The way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons | 40 | |
| 1886066532 | Mutagenesis | The creation of a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA. | 41 | |
| 1886066533 | Mutagens | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. | 42 | |
| 1886066534 | Virus | A piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data. | 43 | |
| 1886066535 | Capsid | Outer protein coat of a virus | 44 | |
| 1886066536 | Lytic cycle | A viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses | 45 | |
| 1886066537 | Lysogenic cycle | A viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA | 46 | |
| 1886066538 | Prophage | The viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA | 47 | |
| 1886066539 | Emerging viruses | A virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists | 48 | |
| 1886066540 | AIDS | (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood | 49 | |
| 1886066541 | HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 50 | |
| 1886066542 | Reverse transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. | 51 | |
| 1886066543 | Retroviruses | An RNA virus tha treplicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome. | 52 | |
| 1886066544 | Viroids | Circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth | 53 | |
| 1886066545 | Prions | Infectious proteins responsible for several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and other animals. | 54 | |
| 1886066546 | Transformation | Modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA | 55 | |
| 1886066547 | Transduction | The process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage | 56 | |
| 1886066548 | Conjunction | Union of two bacterial cell, this is the DNA transfer between them | 57 | |
| 1886066549 | F Factor | A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. It may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome. | 58 | |
| 1886066550 | Plasmid | A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome | 59 | |
| 1886066551 | R plasmids | A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. | 60 |
