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| 2318364665 | Insects help angiosperms to | reproduce sexually with physically distant members of their own species | 0 | |
| 2318369410 | Many angiosperms lure insects with | nectar; both plant and pollinator benefit | 1 | |
| 2318371380 | Mutualistic symbioses are common between | plants and other species | 2 | |
| 2318373266 | Angiosperms are the most | important group of plants in terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture | 3 | |
| 2318376918 | Plant life cycles are characterized by | by the alternation between sporophyte (spore-producing) and gametophyte (gamete-producing) generations | 4 | |
| 2318378937 | Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are | key features of the angiosperm life cycle | 5 | |
| 2318381545 | In angiosperms, the sporophyte is | the plant that we see; they are larger, more conspicuous and longer-lived than gametophytes | 6 | |
| 2318382806 | The angiosperm life cycle is characterized by "three Fs": | flowers, double fertilization, and fruits | 7 | |
| 2318386583 | Flowers are | the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte; they attach to a part of the stem called the receptacle *Shortened stem with four whorls of modified leaves | 8 | |
| 2318390234 | Flowers consist of four floral organs: | carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals | 9 | |
| 2318392102 | Stamens and carpels are | reproductive organs; sepals and petals are sterile | 10 | |
| 2318395539 | A carpel has a long ... | style with a stigma on which pollen may land | 11 | |
| 2318396671 | At the base of the style is an | ovary containing one or more ovules | 12 | |
| 2318397836 | A single carpel or group of fused carpels is called | a pistil | 13 | |
| 2318399348 | A stamen consists of | a filament topped by an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen | 14 | |
| 2318401412 | Complete flowers contain | all four floral organs | 15 | |
| 2318402248 | Incomplete flowers lack | one or more floral organs, for example stamens or carpels | 16 | |
| 2318403344 | Clusters of flowers are called | inflorescences | 17 | |
| 2318717890 | Much of floral diversity represents | adaptation to specific pollinators | 18 | |
| 2318724671 | Name the Four general trends that can be seen in the evolution of flowers | 1.Bilateral symmetry 2.Reduction in the number of floral parts 3.Fusion of floral parts 4.Location of ovaries inside receptacles; inferior ovaries | 19 | |
| 2318735747 | The angiosperm life cycle includes | 1.Gametophyte development 2.Pollination 3.Double fertilization 4.Seed development | 20 | |
| 2318748238 | Female Gametophytes is also known as... | (Embryo Sacs) | 21 | |
| 2318751638 | The embryo sac, or female gametophyte, develops within | the ovule | 22 | |
| 2318753383 | Within an ovule, two integuments surround a | megasporangium | 23 | |
| 2318756242 | One cell in the megasporangium undergoes | meiosis, producing four megaspores, only one of which survives | 24 | |
| 2318758288 | The megaspore divides without | cytokinesis, producing one large cell with eight nuclei | 25 | |
| 2318760301 | This cell is partitioned into | a multicellular female gametophyte (7 cells - one big cell with 2 polar nuclei), the embryo sac | 26 | |
| 2318763220 | Pollen develops from | microspores within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs, of anthers | 27 | |
| 2318765646 | Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce two cells: | the generative cell and the tube cell | 28 | |
| 2318767611 | A pollen grain consists of | the two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall | 29 | |
| 2318771213 | In angiosperms, pollination is | the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma | 30 | |
| 2318772055 | After landing on a receptive stigma, a pollen grain produces a | pollen tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac | 31 | |
| 2318774468 | Fertilization is... | the fusion of gametes, occurs after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte | 32 | |
| 2318776638 | Describe the function of the sperm in fertilization | One sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei, giving rise to the triploid food-storing endosperm (3n) | 33 | |
| 2318781518 | Double fertilization ensures that | endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized eggs | 34 | |
| 2318794106 | What happens after double fertilization | -Each ovule develops into a seed -The ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed -When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a new sporophyte | 35 | |
| 2318830589 | The transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma can be accomplished by | wind, water, or animals | 36 | |
| 2318831724 | Wind-pollinated species (what do they do?) | (e.g., grasses and many trees (nontropical trees) release large amounts of pollen | 37 | |
| 2318838386 | In apomixis, an embryo is created from | -a diploid cell in the ovule. -Then the ovules mature into seeds. Ex. Dandelion | 38 | |
| 2318850315 | Moth pollinated flowers are usually... | sweetly fragrant, pale colored and open at night | 39 | |
| 2318858202 | Some pollinators are... | 1. Bees 2. Moth 3.Hummingbirds 4.Blowfly 5. Bats | 40 | |
| 2318865040 | Coevolution is | the joint evolution of interacting species in response to selection imposed by each other | 41 | |
| 2318865984 | Many flowering plants have coevolved with | specific pollinators | 42 | |
| 2318873290 | The development of a seed into a flowering plant includes several stages | 1.Endosperm development 2.Embryo development 3.Seed dormancy 4.Seed germination 5.Seedling development 6.Flowering | 43 | |
| 2318876642 | Endosperm development usually precedes | embryo development | 44 | |
| 2318877945 | In most monocots and many eudicots, endosperm stores | nutrients that can be used by the seedling | 45 | |
| 2318880196 | In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endosperm are | exported to the cotyledons | 46 | |
| 2318885510 | The first mitotic division of the zygote splits what? | splits the fertilized egg into a basal cell and a terminal cell | 47 | |
| 2318886931 | The basal cell produces | a multicellular suspensor, which anchors the embryo to the parent plant | 48 | |
| 2318889482 | The terminal cell gives rise to | most of the embryo | 49 | |
| 2318893713 | The embryo and its food supply are enclosed by | a hard, protective seed coat | 50 | |
| 2318894592 | The seed enters a state of | dormancy | 51 | |
| 2318896742 | A mature seed is only about what percent water? | 5-15% water | 52 | |
| 2318898443 | In some eudicots, such as the common garden bean, the embryo consists of | the embryonic axis attached to two fleshy cotyledons (seed leaves) | 53 | |
| 2318900243 | Below the cotyledons the embryonic axis is called | the hypocotyl and terminates in the radicle | 54 | |
| 2318901434 | the radicle | embryonic root | 55 | |
| 2318902870 | above the cotyledons it is called | the epicotyl | 56 | |
| 2318903769 | The plumule comprises | the epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem | 57 | |
| 2318906912 | The seeds of some eudicots, such as castor beans, have | thin cotyledons | 58 | |
| 2318913282 | Name 2 toxins found in Castor Bean | 1.RCA Ricinus communis agglutinin -Agglutinates RBCs; does not penetrate intestinal wall 2.Ricin - 1 milligram enough to kill -Death often within 3-5 days; severe dehydration, decrease in urine; decrease in blood pressure -Inhibit protein synthesis by irreversibly inactivating ribosomes -RIPs ribosome inactivating proteins | 59 | |
| 2318945926 | RTB portion of ricin | -Binds to both glycoprotein and glycolipids. -106-108 ricin molecules may bind per cell. -A sing ricin molecule that enters the cytosol can inactivate 1500 ribosomes per minute and kill the cell. | 60 | |
| 2318962139 | The ricin A portion of the heterodimer is the enzyme that | binds and depurinates a specific adenine of the 28S rRNA | 61 | |
| 2318966577 | A monocot embryo has | one cotyledon | 62 | |
| 2318967791 | Grasses, such as maize and wheat, have a special cotyledon called | a scutellum | 63 | |
| 2318969350 | Two sheathes enclose the embryo of | a grass seed: a coleoptile covering the young shoot and a coleorhiza covering the young root | 64 | |
| 2318973430 | Seed dormancy increases | the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling | 65 | |
| 2318974400 | The breaking of seed dormancy often requires | environmental cues, such as temperature or lighting changes | 66 | |
| 2318977183 | Most seeds remain viable after how long? | a year or two of dormancy, but some last only days and others can remain viable for centuries | 67 | |
| 2318979082 | Germination depends on | on imbibition, the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed | 68 | |
| 2318985826 | In Germination what emerges from the seed first? | 1. The radicle 2. Shoot tip | 69 | |
| 2318993272 | In many eudicots, a hook forms in the What?, and growth pushes the hook above ground | In many eudicots, a hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground | 70 | |
| 2318994923 | What causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up | Light | 71 | |
| 2319001234 | In other eudicots the an epicotyl hook forms and the cotyledons remain in the soil | In other eudicots the an epicotyl hook forms and the cotyledons remain in the soil | 72 | |
| 2319005743 | the bean has a (family Fabaceae) | hypocotyl hook | 73 | |
| 2319006930 | the pea has an (family Fabaceae) | epicotyl hook | 74 | |
| 2319012552 | In maize and other grasses, which are monocots, the----pushes up through the soil creating a tunnel for the shoot tip to grow through | coleoptile | 75 | |
| 2319019927 | The flowers of a given plant species are synchronized to appear | at a specific time of the year to promote outbreeding | 76 | |
| 2319022193 | Flowering is triggered by a combination of | environmental cues and internal signals | 77 | |
| 2319023349 | A fruit is | the mature ovary of a flower | 78 | |
| 2319025488 | Function of fruit | It protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals | 79 | |
| 2319033047 | Fruits are classified based on their developmental origin | 1.Simple fruits 2.Aggregate fruits 3.Multiple fruits | 80 | |
| 2319035136 | Simple fruits develop from | a single or several fused carpels | 81 | |
| 2319036267 | Aggregate fruits result from | a single flower with multiple separate carpels | 82 | |
| 2319037058 | Multiple fruits develop from | a group of flowers called an inflorescence | 83 | |
| 2319044806 | An accessory fruit contains | other floral parts in addition to ovaries | 84 | |
| 2325766787 | Pome | includes fleshy receptacle or hypanthium (fused bases of stamens, petals and sepals | 85 | |
| 2325767290 | Fruit dispersal mechanisms include | 1.Water 2.Wind 3.Animals | 86 | |
| 2325768441 | Asexual reproduction results in | a clone of genetically identical organisms | 87 | |
| 2325768736 | Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction | 1.Fragmentation 2.Apomixis | 88 | |
| 2325768987 | Fragmentation | separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants, | 89 | |
| 2325770510 | Apomixis | asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell | 90 | |
| 2325771857 | Asexual reproduction is also called | called vegetative reproduction because progeny arise from mature vegetative fragments | 91 | |
| 2325773454 | Asexual reproduction can be beneficial to a successful plant in | -a stable environment But make plant vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change. | 92 | |
| 2325776425 | Sexual reproduction generates | genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible | 93 | |
| 2325777085 | many species have evolved mechanisms to prevent | selfing | 94 | |
| 2325777896 | Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization | 1.Dioecious species 2. Others have stamens and carpels that mature at different times or are arranged to prevent selfing 3.self-incompatibility | 95 | |
| 2325777897 | Dioecious species | have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants | 96 | |
| 2325779551 | self-incompatibility | a plant's ability to reject its own pollen *Some plants reject pollen that has an S-gene matching an allele in the stigma cells | 97 | |
| 2325782135 | Totipotent cells | those that can divide and asexually generate a clone of the original organism, are common in plants | 98 | |
| 2325784292 | vegetative propagation | Vegetative reproduction that is facilitated or induced by humans | 99 | |
| 2325784617 | A callus is | a mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells can sprout shoots and roots in response to plant hormones | 100 | |
| 2325786242 | Grafting | -A twig or bud can be grafted onto a plant of a closely related species or variety *The stock provides the root system *The scion is grafted onto the stock | 101 | |
| 2325789250 | Transgenic plants are | are genetically modified (GM) to express a gene from another organism | 102 | |
| 2325791195 | Plant tissue culture also facilitates the production of | of genetically modified (GM) plants | 103 | |
| 2325792206 | Plants with beneficial mutations are used in | breeding experiments | 104 | |
| 2325792536 | Desirable traits can be introduced from | different species or genera | 105 | |
| 2325793517 | biotechnology | The manipulation of living organisms to produce goods and services | 106 | |
| 2325794614 | the Bt toxin | Some transgenic crops were developed to produce this toxin which is toxic to insect pests | 107 | |
| 2325797684 | Bt toxin is from | Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that produces a crystalline protein that harms the guts of some insect larvae | 108 | |
| 2325802770 | Biofuels are | fuels derived from living biomass, the total mass of organic matter in a group of organisms | 109 | |
| 2325803220 | Most long term planners are backing away from | biofuels | 110 | |
| 2325804123 | Worldwide use of herbicide resistant crops has led in a massive increase | in herbicide use. -These chemicals are toxic to our primary producers. | 111 |
