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| 3125668675 | cellular respiration | The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis). | 0 | |
| 3125682009 | kilocalories | A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a "Calorie". | 1 | |
| 3125702501 | redox reaction | Short for reduction-oxidation reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction). | 2 | |
| 3125702732 | oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction. | 3 | |
| 3125702733 | reduction | The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation. | 4 | |
| 3125706035 | NAD+ | A coenzyme that can accept electrons during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism. | 5 | |
| 3125709560 | electron transport chain | A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. | 6 | |
| 3125709561 | glycolysis | A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytosol. | 7 | |
| 3125709894 | citric acid cycle | The chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide. | 8 | |
| 3125710534 | oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. | 9 | |
| 3125711386 | chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across membranes to drive cellular work, such as the phosphorylation of ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells. | 10 | |
| 3125760832 | substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle). | 11 | |
| 3125776294 | intermediate | One of the compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis. | 12 | |
| 3125776624 | acetyl CoA | The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. | 13 | |
| 3125829945 | ATP synthase | A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. | 14 | |
| 3142524056 | lactic acid fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+. | 15 | |
| 3142524057 | alcohol fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide. | 16 |
