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| 4043594359 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | most cellular energy is stored inthe chemical bonds of this energy carrier molecule | 0 | |
| 4043601835 | Cells break down glucose in 3 stages | 1. glycolysis 2. TCA cycle 3. cellular respiration | 1 | |
| 4043605518 | Glucose | -key energy-storage molecule -it is metabolized for energy(produces ATP) -its stored in long chains in humans | 2 | |
| 4043622327 | Glycolysis | begins by splitting glucose (a six carbon sugar) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon sugar) | 3 | |
| 4043631676 | Glycolysis: energy investment | *phosphate groups and energy from 2 ATP are added to glucose to produce F1, 6BP -F1,6BP is broken down into 2 G3P molecules | 4 | |
| 4043641984 | Glycolysis: energy harvesting | *2 G3P molecules are converted inot 2 pyruvates, resulting in 44 ATP and 2 NADH molecules -A net of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH are formed | 5 | |
| 4043651880 | Cellular Respiration | breaks down the 2 pyruvate molecules into 6 CO2 molecules and 6 H2O -occurs in mitochondria | 6 | |
| 4043661745 | Mitochondrion | has 2 membranes 1. the inner membrane encloses a central compartment containing the fluid matrix 2. the outer membrane forms the outer surface of the organelle, and an inter-membrane space lies between the 2 membranes | 7 | |
| 4043672410 | Cellular respiration: 3 stages | 1. pyruvate breakdown 2. transfer of electrons along the electron transport chain 3. Generation of ATP | 8 | |
| 4043679498 | Cellular respiration: 1st stage | -pyruvate is split, forming an acetyl group and releasing CO2 -the acetyl group reacts with CoA, forming Acetyl CoA -during this reaction, NAD+ is converted to NADH | 9 | |
| 4043693278 | Cellular respiration: TCA/Krebs/citric acid cycle | *the krebs cycle begins by combining the acetyl CoA with a 4C molecule form 6C citrate, and coenzyme A is released *As the krebs cycle proceeds, enzymes in the matrix break down the acetyl group, releasing 2 CO2 molecules and regenerating the 4C molecule for use in Future cycles | 10 | |
| 4043712980 | Electron transport chain | *during glycolysis and krebs cycle, electrons are stored in carrier molecules: 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 for every glucose *these carriers each release 2 electrons into an electron transport chain *depleted carriers are recharged by glycolysis and krebs cycle | 11 | |
| 4043729349 | Electron transport chain (ETC) Continued | *the electrons jump from molecule to molecule in the ETC, losing small amounts of energy at each step -similar to what occurs in chloroplasts during photosynthesis *H+ are pumped from the matrix accross he membrane producing a concentration gradient of H+ | 12 | |
| 4043745054 | ETC continued | -the build up of H+ in the intermembrane space is used to generate ATP -at the end of the ETC, the electrons are transferred to oxygen (or another electron acceptor) -electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen combine to form water | 13 | |
| 4043766704 | Glycolysis | used by virtually every organism on earth(anaerobic process) | 14 | |
| 4043760465 | Fermentation | *allows NAD+ to be recycled when oxygen is abscent -if oxygen is not available, the second stage of Glucose break down is Fermentation | 15 | |
| 4043778352 | Fermentation cont. | *does not produce and ATP *in fermentation, pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol + CO2d | 16 | |
| 4043790119 | Fermentation cont. | *2 types 1. lactic acid fermentation 2. alcohol fermentation | 17 | |
| 4043797715 | Lactic acid Fermentation | *produces acid from pyruvate -occurs in exhausted muscle cells *microorganisms use lactic acid fermentation and convert milk into yogurt, sour cream, and cheese | 18 | |
| 4043809607 | Alcohol Fermentation | generates ethanol and CO2 from pyruvate (yeast) | 19 |
