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| 5577970591 | Theory of Endosymbiosis | Eukaryotic cells emerged when mitochondria and chloroplasts, once free-living prokaryotes, took up permanent residence inside other larger cells, about 1.5 billion years ago. |  | 0 |
| 5577980695 | Eukaryotic Cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. | 1 | |
| 5577983648 | Prokaryotic Cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. | 2 | |
| 5577985240 | Nucleolus | Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes | 3 | |
| 5577987584 | Ribosomes | Makes proteins | 4 | |
| 5577991880 | Peroxisomes | Organelles in both plants and animals that break down peroxide, a toxic byproduct of cell respiration | 5 | |
| 5577994409 | Nucleus | Contains DNA | 6 | |
| 5578001262 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down. | 7 | |
| 5578004093 | Golgi Apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell | 8 | |
| 5578010590 | Lysosomes | An organelle containing digestive enzymes | 9 | |
| 5578016159 | Mitochondria | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP | 10 | |
| 5578021681 | Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell | 11 | |
| 5578026958 | Chromatin | DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes | 12 | |
| 5578029448 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled. | 13 | |
| 5578041051 | Apoptosis | Programmed cell death | 14 | |
| 5578043412 | Vacuoles | Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials | 15 | |
| 5578044946 | Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs | 16 | |
| 5578047502 | Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement | 17 | |
| 5578050395 | Microtubules | A hollow rod of the protein tubulin in the cytoplasm of all eukaryote cells that make up cilia, flagella, spindle fibers, and other cytoskeletal structures of cells | 18 | |
| 5578055598 | Microfilaments | Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell | 19 | |
| 5578058013 | Cleavage Furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | 20 | |
| 5578059652 | Cell Wall | A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. | 21 | |
| 5578065046 | Cellulose | Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls. | 22 | |
| 5578069009 | Plasma Membrane | A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells | 23 | |
| 5578076891 | Phospholipid Bilayer | A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes. | 24 | |
| 5578084309 | Peripheral Protein | The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. | 25 | |
| 5578088608 | Integral Protein | Integrated into the Phospholipid bilayer, they form membrane channels that regulate the passage of specific ions through the membrane. | 26 | |
| 5578099429 | Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells | 27 | |
| 5578100468 | Pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. | 28 | |
| 5578110739 | Active Transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | 29 | |
| 5578129393 | Diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | 30 | |
| 5578130667 | Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels | 31 | |
| 5578135138 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | 32 | |
| 5578136869 | Passive Transport | Movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. | 33 | |
| 5578147523 | Solvent | In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves. | 34 | |
| 5578216324 | Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. | 35 | |
| 5578217978 | Hypertonic | In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration. | 36 | |
| 5578230741 | Hypotonic | In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration. | 37 | |
| 5578233438 | Isotonic | Having the same solute concentration as another solution. | 38 | |
| 5578240776 | Osmotic Potential | The tendency of water to move across a permeable membrane into a solution | 39 | |
| 5578250080 | Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. | 40 | |
| 5578257108 | Turgid | swollen as from a fluid; bloated | 41 | |
| 5578261766 | Plasmolysis | This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. | 42 | |
| 5578263394 | Aquaporins | A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane | 43 | |
| 5578265699 | Endocytosis | A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. | 44 | |
| 5578273893 | Exocytosis | A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released. | 45 | |
| 5578276216 | Vesicle | Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell. | 46 | |
| 5578300054 | Tight Junctions | Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid | 47 | |
| 5578301431 | Desmosomes | Join two cells at a single point, attach directly to the cytoskeleton of each cell. Found in tissues that normally experience a lot of stress due to sliding. | 48 | |
| 5578311503 | Gap Junctions | In animal cells, pores formed from connected membrane proteins that allow molecules to pass directly from cell to cell. | 49 | |
| 5578333857 | Plasmodesmata | An open channel in the cell walls of plant cells allowing for connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells | 50 | |
| 5578344447 | Signal Transduction Pathway | The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response. | 51 | |
| 5578349158 | Centrioles | Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only | 52 | |
| 5578352012 | Centrosomes | Microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis | 53 | |
| 5578353397 | Cilia | Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion | 54 | |
| 5578355093 | Flagella | A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated. | 55 | |
| 5578357379 | Contractile Vacuoles | Specialized organelles in single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cell. | 56 | |
| 5578358709 | Selectively Permeable | a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot | 57 | |
| 5578364962 | Cholesterol | A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. | 58 |
