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| 6087358664 | 4 types of cell signaling strategies | endocrine, paracrine, neuronal, contact-dependent | 0 | |
| 6087362918 | endocrine signaling | long range, uses hormones | 1 | |
| 6087365480 | paracrine signaling | local, secreted proteins | 2 | |
| 6087371850 | neuronal signaling | long or short range depending on the length of the neuron, electrical signals cause secretion of neurotransmitters | 3 | |
| 6087378891 | contact-dependent | short range, membrane bound signaling proteins/glycoproteins | 4 | |
| 6087386878 | 3 key events during cell signaling | reception, transduction, response | 5 | |
| 6087397622 | intracellular receptors | inside the cell, interact with molecules that can cross cell membrane on their own, undergo conformational changes upon binding | 6 | |
| 6087400109 | cell-surface receptors | interact with molecules that do not cross the cell membrane on their own | 7 | |
| 6087435611 | steroid hormone signaling | 1) steroid molecules diffuse through cell membrane 2) bind to nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) to form dimer 3) transported into the nucleus 4) acts as activator and leads to transcription ENDOCRINE | 8 | |
| 6087449450 | nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) | have ligand binding domain (LBD) and DNA binding domain (DBD), transcription factor | 9 | |
| 6087463233 | nuclear translocation | molecule transported into the nucleus | 10 | |
| 6087477697 | guanylyl cyclase (GC) | enzyme that nitric oxide binds to, activation results in GTP being converted into cyclic GDP, rapid relaxation of smooth muscle (dilation of blood vessels) PARACRINE | 11 | |
| 6087541387 | viagra | phosphodiesterase inhibitor, in order for it to act fast it acts directly on protein (add to this) | 12 | |
| 6087568488 | 3 basic classes of cell-surface receptors | 1) ion-channel-coupled receptors 2) G-protein-coupled receptors 3) enzyme-coupled receptors | 13 | |
| 6087584675 | ion-channel-coupled receptors | ligand causes channels to open, ions rush in and effect cell changes | 14 | |
| 6087601625 | G-protein-coupled receptors | ligand binding to receptor causes conformational change that activates "G-protein" - a protein that binds GTP and can activate/repress enzymes | 15 | |
| 6087601626 | enzyme-coupled receptors | ligand binding causes a conformational change that activates intracellular enzyme |  | 16 |
| 6087599223 | ligand | signaling molecule | 17 | |
| 6087665126 | GPCRs & G-protein | cell-surface receptors, most drugs target them, G-proteins inactive but exchange GDP for GTP when they interact with ligand-bound receptors (GPCRs), G-protein alpha and beta-gamma subunits dissociate and activate enzymes or target proteins | 18 | |
| 6087724720 | adrenaline | 1) GPCR activated 2) adenylyl cyclase (AC) activated and converts ATP to cAMP (cyclic AMP) 3) cAMP activated PKA (kinase) 4) phosphorylation cascade 5) glycogen breakdown | 19 | |
| 6087811279 | epipen | 1) epinephrine binds the G-PCR 2) activation of the G-protein 3) activation of adenylyl cyclase 4) second message, cAMP 5) phosphorylation cascade 5) causes smooth muscle cells to relax | 20 | |
| 6087843342 | cAMP/PKA gene expression | can change gene expression, PKA can phosphorylate and activate transcription factors that active or repress genes | 21 | |
| 6087907844 | Phospholipase C (PPC) | can be activated by GPCRs, cleaves a particular type of phospholipid into IP3 and DAG, results in first cellular division | 22 | |
| 6087920994 | IP3 | opens Ca2+ channels in ER | 23 | |
| 6087925984 | DAG | co-factor with Ca2+ for PKC which phosphorylates target proteins | 24 | |
| 6088086740 | receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) | enzyme-coupled receptors, ligand binding to receptors activates kinase activity in the receptor (auto-phosphorylation of the dimer receptor), active receptor can interact with a GTP-binding protein/G-protein called Ras | 25 | |
| 6088107640 | Ras | G-protein, activates a protein kinase cascade that leads to cell growth/division | 26 | |
| 6088117470 | MAP kinase | mitogen activated protein kinase | 27 | |
| 6088212528 | acytylcholine effects on different cells | (A) heart muscle --> decreased rate and force of contraction (B) salivary gland --> secreation (C) skeletal muscle --> contraction | 28 | |
| 6088235088 | notch signaling pathway | delta/serate/LAG-2 family ligands (DSL) on one cell binds delta receptor (Notch) and cleaves tail, cleaved tail migrates to nucleus, results in transcription of notch-responsive genes CONTACT DEPENDENT | 29 | |
| 6088235089 | presenilin | cleaves the Notch intracellular domain upon ligand binding | 30 | |
| 6088332640 | dopamine receptor | neuronal signaling pathway that produces pleasure feeling, receptor is a GPCR called DRD2, reduces cAMP production and activate phosphorylation | 31 |
