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| 1096293675 | Machiavelli, Niccolo | (1469-1527) Author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discusions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of Italian Renaissance | 0 | |
| 1096293676 | the Renaissance | Emphasized new styles and beliefs; religious changes springing from the Protestant Reformation had an even wider impact | 1 | |
| 1096293677 | humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles , in particular the study of ancient languages | 2 | |
| 1096293678 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c.1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance | 3 | |
| 1096293679 | Francis I | King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new control over Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor | 4 | |
| 1096293680 | Gutenberg, Johannes | Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets | 5 | |
| 1096293681 | European-style family | Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married | 6 | |
| 1096293682 | Luther, Martin | (1483-1546) German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenburg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church | 7 | |
| 1096293683 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic belief in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief | 8 | |
| 1096293684 | Anglican church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as the head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife;became increasingly Protestant following Hnery's death | 9 | |
| 1096293685 | Calvin, Jean | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encourage ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | 10 | |
| 1096293686 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protenstant belief | 11 | |
| 1096293687 | Jesuits | A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia | 12 | |
| 1096293688 | edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions | 13 | |
| 1096293689 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden , Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 14 | |
| 1096293690 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individuals ruler within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion--either Catholic or Protestant | 15 | |
| 1096293691 | trade and manufactoring | Expanded rapidly; a more commercial economy also spurred protest | 16 | |
| 1096293692 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 17 | |
| 1096293693 | proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries | 18 | |
| 1096293694 | witchcraft persecution | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas | 19 | |
| 1096293695 | Scientific Revolution | Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages | 20 | |
| 1096293696 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe | 21 | |
| 1096293697 | Johannes Kepler | (December 27, 1571-November 15, 1630) Was an astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in the scientific revolution | 22 | |
| 1096293698 | revolution in the nature and status of science | Occurred during the 17th century; the European state took on new forms and functions; this wave of change intensified after 1650 | 23 | |
| 1096293699 | Galileo | Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work | 24 | |
| 1096293700 | Harvey, William | English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump | 25 | |
| 1096293701 | Francis Bacon | (22 January 1561-9 April 1626) Was an English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist; he was an influential member of the scientific revolution, and is best known for work on the scientific method | 26 | |
| 1096293702 | Descartes, Rene | Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature | 27 | |
| 1096293703 | Newton, Isaac | (1643-1727) English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into and neat framework of natural laws established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity | 28 | |
| 1096293704 | Deism | Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun | 29 | |
| 1096293705 | Locke, John | (1632-1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants | 30 | |
| 1096293706 | feudalism in Western Europe | As it declined, new political forms gained ground; both absolute and parliamentary monarchies emerged | 31 | |
| 1096293707 | absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws with parliaments, appointed professional armies and bureaucracies, establishes state churches, imposed state economic policies | 32 | |
| 1096293708 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy | 33 | |
| 1096293709 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovreignty over the king | 34 | |
| 1096293710 | parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative power in parliaments | 35 | |
| 1096293711 | the Enlightenment | Expanded the range of intellectual innovation; key changes gained further ground in the 18th century | 36 | |
| 1096293712 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy | 37 | |
| 1096293713 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior | 38 | |
| 1096293714 | Smith, Adam | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces | 39 | |
| 1096293715 | Denis Diderot | (October 5, 1713-July 31, 1784) A French Enlightenment figure beat known for his work on the first encyclopedia | 40 | |
| 1096293716 | Wollstonecraft, Mary | (1759-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political right should extend to women | 41 | |
| 1096293717 | mass consumerism | Refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels. along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods; while hints of it can be found in several premodern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in Western Europe, from the 18th century onward | 42 |
