A new civilization emerges in Western Europe.
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| 231829814 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the fifteenth century. | 0 | |
| 231829815 | Vikings | Sea-Going Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the eighth to eleventh centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America. | 1 | |
| 231829816 | Manorialism | System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land. | 2 | |
| 231829817 | Serfs | Peasant agriculture laborers within the manorial system. | 3 | |
| 231829818 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils. | 4 | |
| 231829819 | Three-field system | One-third of land left unplanted each year to increase fertility | 5 | |
| 231829820 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity ca. 496 | 6 | |
| 231829821 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks from eighth to tenth centuries. | 7 | |
| 231829822 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732. | 8 | |
| 231829823 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany ca. 800. | 9 | |
| 231829824 | Holy Roman Emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following break-up of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. | 10 | |
| 231829825 | Feudalism | Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service. | 11 | |
| 231829826 | Vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. | 12 | |
| 231829827 | Capetians | French dynasty ruling from the tenth century; developed a strong feudal monarchy. | 13 | |
| 231829828 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England. | 14 | |
| 231829829 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. | 15 | |
| 231829830 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals. | 16 | |
| 231829831 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France (1337-1453) | 17 | |
| 231829832 | Pope Urban II | Called first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control. | 18 | |
| 231829833 | St. Clare of Assisi | Thirteenth-century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church. | 19 | |
| 231829834 | Gregory VII | Eleventh-century pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops. | 20 | |
| 231829835 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 21 | |
| 231829836 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of god. | 22 | |
| 231829837 | Hanseatic League | An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 23 | |
| 231829838 | Guilds | Associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discourage innovations; often established franchise within cities. | 24 | |
| 231829839 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. | 25 |
