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| raw frontier | ||
| Europe stretches to the Alleghenies ; America lies beyond | ||
| the real America is farther than the Alleghenies | ||
| *frequent uncertainty of legal title to the land *grim *poorly fed, ill-clad, housed in hastily erected shanties *victims of disease, depression, early death *unbearable loneliness esp in women who often went mad *women cut off from human contact for long times and cramped in dark and secluded cabins | ||
| pioneers in a hurry often exhausted the land in the tobacco region & them pushed on *barren and rain-gutted fields were often left behind | ||
| *cane as high as 15 ft was a barrier to the plow *settlers found that when cane burned off European bluegrass thrived in the charred cane fields *Kentucky bluegrass" made ideal pasture for livestock luring 1,000s more American homesteaders into KY | ||
| *California coast, other traders bought large quantities of sea-otter pelts driving them to near-extinction | ||
| *By 1820s, trappers set traps all over Rocky Mountain region *Fur trapping based on "rendezvous system" *traders waited for Indians and trappers to arrive with fur in exchange for Eastern goods | ||
| *painter *student of art *painted western scenes and Native Americans *first advocate of national parks *suggestion became the 1st national park...Yellowstone *1st to advocate preservation of nature as national policy | ||
| *mid 1800s population continued to double every 25 yrs *33 stars in American flag *U.S. 4th most populous nation in western world *1790 only 2 American cities past 20,000 or more Philly and NY *1860 43 cities | ||
| *poor sanitation *smelly slums *feeble street lights *inadequate policing (crime) *impurities *foul sewage *ravenous rats *improper garbage disposal *high birth rate | ||
| *Europe running out of room *land of freedom and opportunity *attracted to land *freedom from church | ||
| *letters sent home by immigrants *described the richer life: low taxes, no compulsory military service and three meat meals a day | ||
| *thousands of Irish emigrated to America *better life *potato crops failed led to starvation and hunger | ||
| *another name for Ireland *they were poor, uneducated, and Catholic | ||
| Boston/New York Boston in 1823 pioneered a sewer system and NY in 1842 abandoned wells and cisterns for a piped-in water supply | ||
| *looked down upon by U.S. protestants *given worst paying jobs *forced to live in squalor *crammed into slums | ||
| No Irish Need Apply *commonly posted sign at factory gates | ||
| *shadowy Irish miners union(workers) that rocked the Pennsylvania coal districts in the 1860s and 1870s *used violence to try to improve dangerous working conditions and anti-Irish sentiment in the PA coalfields | ||
| the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably the Irish) rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. | ||
| *1848-Germans came in to U.S. *crop failure but also flee the chaos of war | ||
| *Lutheran, clinging to native language *outspoken against slavery *heavy drinkers *kept to themselves to preserve their culture | ||
| *the Conestoga wagon *KY rifle *Christmas tree *kindergarten | ||
| *large influx of immigrants caused "nativists" to strike back *nativists are those born in America and opposed to immigration *suspicious of Germans | ||
| *newcomers were uneducated, poor, from non-dem background (Irish Catholic) and willing to work for next to nothing | ||
| *became powerful with large influx of Irish/ German immigrants *1840s constructed a separate Catholic education system *by 1850 1.8 million communicants | ||
| *formed in 1849 as the "Order of the Star-Spangled Banner" *secret society *always answered inquiries with "I know nothing" *wanted restriction on immigration, and deportation of aliens *wrote fiction that fed off fears of immigrants | ||
| *Catholic convent near Boston burned by a howling mob *attacks on Catholic schools and churches *184 2 churches in Philly burned..13 killed and 50 Catholic wounded | ||
| *began in England when machine and factories began to replace handmade products | ||
| *cheap land-shortage of labor, why work for someone else when you can buy cheap land and work it yourself *workers-influx of immigrants meant no shortage of labor *raw materials-America was large and many resources lay undeveloped, undiscovered, and unsuspected consumers-America had many people just "starting out" and eager to buy whatever was produced | ||
| *Father of the factory system *memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America *made our firstthread spinning machine. *thread spinning system created a shortage of cotton fiber | ||
| *invented the cotton gin 1793 *separated the fiber from the seed *50 times more effective than hand picking | ||
| *the South's production of cotton greatly increased and the demand for cotton revived the demand for slavery *caused the North to expand its factories for spinning and weaving cloth | ||
| *soil wasn't good for farming *dense population provided labor and accessible markets *quick-moving rivers drove the mills and it had quick access to seaports | ||
| Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships | ||
| *hurt economy *forced young manufacturing to grow *European commerce temporarily ruined *capital and labor driven from waves onto factory floors | ||
| *created by Eli Whitney *machine-made components of anything could be swapped out if one broke *widely adopted in 1850 *turned into mass production *guns made this way | ||
| *by perfecting the cotton gin he gave slavery a renewed lease on life and perhaps made inevitable, the civil war *by popularizing the principles of interchangeable parts, he helped factories to flourish in the North giving the union a decided advantage when the war came | ||
| *invented by Elias Howe, perfected by Isaac Singer *gave North industrialization another strong boost | ||
| *1800's 306 patents *1860s 28,000 patents | ||
| an official document granting an inventor exclusive rights to his/her invention for seven to nine years | ||
| *created by Samuel F.B. Morse *provided nearly instant communication *1st words on his "talking wire" were "what hath God wrought?" | ||
| side effect of factory system was the exploitation of workers(wage slaves) | ||
| *unsafe-unsanitary building, lighted and heated *unhealthy-poorly ventilated, skimpy meals and hastily gulped *long hours and low wages-forbidden by law to form unions to raise wages *child labor common-childhood short and harsh *1820 1/2 of nations industry workers under 10 yoa | ||
| court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies provided that their methods were "honorable and peaceful" | ||
| *10 hour work day *higher wages *better conditions *public education *end of inhumane imprisonment for debt | ||
| nurse, domestic service(housekeeping) and teachers spinning yarn, weaving cloth, and making candles, soap, butter, and cheese. | ||
| idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands | ||
| *women played a role in having less kids. *assertiveness in society *signified the growing power and independence of women | ||
| *showplace factory containing all farm girls *textile mill in Lowell, Mass *carefully supervised on and off job *escorted to church from company boarding houses *no union-few opportunities to share dissatisfaction over their grueling working conditions | ||
| *Love often drove families not "parental arrangement" *families closer *smaller families *women chose to have children | ||
| *trans-Allegheny region, esp the Ohio-Indiana-Illinois tier | ||
| *invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grains such as wheat *steel plow enabled farmers to cut into the fertile but hard Midwestern soil *these inventions changed agriculture from mindset of growing to eat to growing to sell and market *made ambitious capitalists out of humble plowman *ag on a larger scale | ||
| the future growth and the economic backbone of the western states was dependent on transportation | ||
| *hard-surfaced highway that ran 60 miles west from Philadelphia to Lancaster *drivers had to pay a toll to use it. *15% annual dividends to its stockholders *stimulated west growth | ||
| *an expressway on which tolls are collected *barrier of sharp pikes *the sharp pikes are turned aside when toll paid to let car through | ||
| *expensive *state righters opposed federal aid to local projects *eastern states against being bled of their populations | ||
| *installed a steam engine in a vessel and created the first steamboat (Clermont 1807) *went 150 mi in 32 hours *played a vital role in the opening of the West and South *rivers now two-way street instead of one | ||
| *called national road *It went from Cumberland, in western Maryland, to Illinois | ||
| *called this by opponents *headed up the Erie Canal by NY governor Dewitt Clinton | ||
| *cause NY cut off from federal aid by states' righters | ||
| *linked Great Lakes with Hudson River *tapped the fabulous ag potential of the Midwest *construction provided employment *shipping costs from the West to the East dropped 20 times ($100 became $5) *western cities like Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago boomed *canal effectively stole most of the trade from the Mississippi River | ||
| railroad | ||
| *opposed because of safety flaws and they took away money from the Erie Canal investors. *considered a dangerous public menace *flying sparks could start fires *railway accidents *feeble brakes affected arrivals and departures *numerous differences in gauges(width) *gauge of track wasn't standardized | ||
| *called the greatest wire puller in history *stretched a cable under the deep North Atlantic waters from Newfoundland to Ireland *it went dead after three weeks, but a heavier cable laid in 1866 permanently linking the American and European continents | ||
| *ships sacrificed cargo room for speed and were able to transport small amounts of goods in short amounts of time. *long, narrow, fast *hauled cargo to foreign nations, mainly china *their speed gave them much of the tea trade between the Far East and Britain *succumbed to steam | ||
| *carried mail from Missouri to California *collapsed due to lack of profit and steam *lightweight riders on ponies | ||
| system for transmitting messages that use a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation | ||
| *transportation revolution wanted to link the West with the rest of the nation *roads, canals, steamboats linked the nation *South largely left to use its rivers | ||
| *South raised cotton for export to New England and Britain *West grew grain and livestock to feed factory worker in East and Europe *East made machines and textiles for the South and West *All of these products were transported using the railroad; the railroad linked America. | ||
| transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commerce | ||
| *said "the rights of a community were greater than a corporate contract *good news for entrepreneurs trying to get a start-up business going | ||
| *fared worst *many came to make up a floating mass of "drifters" buffeted from town to town by the shifting prospects for menial jobs |
