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| 58349560 | ivan III | also known as ivan the great; prince of duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or caesar-equivalent of emperor. | 0 | |
| 58349561 | boyars | russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in Western Europe. | 1 | |
| 58349562 | Peter I (the great) | son of alexis romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models. | 2 | |
| 58349563 | Radishev | a noble; one of the first western inspired radicals; sought absolutism and more political (liberal) rule; writings banned by harassment of Catherine the greats police. | 3 | |
| 58349564 | pugachev rebellion | during 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cosak Emelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and there after. | 4 | |
| 58349565 | old believers | russians who refused to accept the ecclastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization | 5 | |
| 58349566 | third rome | russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in RUssia following the fall of constantinople in 1453. | 6 | |
| 58349567 | romanov dynasty | dynasty elected in 1612 at the end of the Time of Troubles; ruled russia until 1917 | 7 | |
| 58349568 | st petersburg | new capital of Russia established during the reign of Peter the Great. | 8 | |
| 58349569 | Partition of Poland | three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. | 9 | |
| 58349570 | cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquest and settlements. | 10 | |
| 58349571 | Ivan IV (the terrible) | confirmed power of transit autocracy by attacks authority of boyars; continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture | 11 | |
| 58349572 | Alexis Romanov | second romanov tsa; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox Church | 12 | |
| 58349573 | catherine the great | german born Russian tsarina in the 18th century, ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. | 13 | |
| 58349574 | Obrok | labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic land lors or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century | 14 | |
| 58349575 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in the 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 15 |
