Latin America
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| 147882864 | encomienda | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies | 0 | |
| 147882865 | audiencia | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates | 1 | |
| 147882866 | Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights | 2 | |
| 147882867 | Hernán Cortés | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan | 3 | |
| 147882868 | Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish | 4 | |
| 147882869 | Coronado | Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold | 5 | |
| 147882870 | encomendero | Holder of an encomienda; able to use Indians as workers or to tax them | 6 | |
| 147882871 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain | 7 | |
| 147882872 | Huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí | 8 | |
| 147882873 | consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return | 9 | |
| 147882874 | letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions | 10 | |
| 147882875 | Paulistas | Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century | 11 | |
| 147882876 | War of the Spanish Succession | Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French | 12 | |
| 147882877 | sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle | 13 | |
| 147882878 | José de Gálvez | Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government | 14 | |
| 147882879 | Caribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda, system of colonial management, initiated here | 15 | |
| 147882880 | Casa de Contratación | Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regularized commerce with New World; supplied colonial provisions | 16 | |
| 147882881 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763 | 17 | |
| 147882882 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan | 18 | |
| 147882883 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541 | 19 | |
| 147882884 | Potosí | Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver | 20 | |
| 147882885 | haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy | 21 | |
| 147882886 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares | 22 | |
| 147882887 | galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion | 23 | |
| 147882888 | Recopilación | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies | 24 | |
| 147882889 | Minas Gerais | Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush | 25 | |
| 147882890 | peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain | 26 | |
| 147882891 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy | 27 | |
| 147882892 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution | 28 | |
| 147882893 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World | 29 | |
| 147882894 | captaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony | 30 | |
| 147882895 | Comunero Revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels | 31 | |
| 147882896 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs | 32 | |
| 147882897 | mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control | 33 |
