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| 47528397 | Irish Famine | the event from 1845 to 1847 where potatoes blighted with disease starved half a million peasants | |
| 47528398 | "laboring poor" | people who held jobs, but who earned little more than subsistence wages | |
| 47528399 | proletarianization | the term used to indicate the entry of workers into a wage economy and their gradual loss of significant ownership of the means of production such as tools and equipment, and the control over the conduct of their own trade | |
| 47528400 | Britain | nation that came to the aid of the Irish during the potato famine | |
| 47528401 | master | the highest title for an artisan | |
| 47528402 | confection | where goods were produced in standard sizes and styles rather than by special order for individuals | |
| 47528403 | Ure | a generally uncritical observer of the factory system | |
| 47528404 | London Working Men's Association | a group formed by radical artisans in London | |
| 47528405 | Lovett | one of the London Working Men's Association's founders | |
| 47528406 | the Charter | the document issued by the London Working Men's Association that called for six specific reforms | |
| 47528407 | Six Points of the Charter | the different reforms demanded by the London Working Men's Association | |
| 47528408 | The Northern Star | the newspaper published by the London Working Men's Association | |
| 47528409 | O'Connor | the most important Chartist leader who made speeches all over Britain | |
| 47528410 | Chartism | the first large-scale European working class political movement | |
| 47528411 | The English Factory Act of 1833 | this forbade the employment of children under age nine, limited the workday of children aged nine to thirteen to nine hours, and required that these children be given two hours of education a day, paid for by the factory owner | |
| 47528412 | Aston | German political radical that portrayed a situation in a poem where a women is a victim of sexual exploitation | |
| 47528413 | Examiner | the newspaper that suggested women be removed from the factories | |
| 47528414 | Peel | he passed legislation that put police on the streets of London | |
| 47528415 | bobbies | the police on the streets of London came to be known by this name | |
| 47528416 | hulks | prison ships where many European criminals were sent | |
| 47528417 | transportation | the government's punishment for the criminals with the most serious offenses | |
| 47528418 | Howard and Fry | the reformers in England that exposed the horrendous conditions in prisons and demanded change | |
| 47528419 | Lucas | the French reformer that exposed the conditions in prisons and demanded change | |
| 47528420 | Auburn System | the prison reform system that separated prisoners at night but let them associate during the day | |
| 47528421 | Philadelphia System | the prison reform system where prisoners were kept separated at all times | |
| 47528422 | Pentonville Prison | the most famous of the European prisons that kept prisoners in separate cells all the time | |
| 47528423 | Devil's Island | one of the islands the French sent their serious repeat offenders to; it is off the coast of South America | |
| 47528424 | Malthus | wrote Essay on the Principle of Population; contended that population must eventually outstrip the food supply | |
| 47528425 | Ricardo | wrote Principles of Political Economy; created the "iron law of wages" | |
| 47528426 | "iron law of wages" | this said if wages were raised, more children would be produced. They would enter the labor market, expanding the number of workers and lowering wages. when wages decreased, people would have fewer children. This would cause wages to rise again and the process would repeat | |
| 47528427 | The July Monarchy | this saw the construction of major capital-intensive projects, such as roads, canals, and railways | |
| 47528428 | Zollverein | a free trade union in the German states | |
| 47528429 | Guizot | Louis Philippe's minister | |
| 47528430 | List | German economist; argued for abolishing internal tariffs to enhance economic growth | |
| 47528431 | Bentham | Utilitarian thinker that sought to create codes of scientific law that were founded to make the greatest number of people happy | |
| 47528432 | Poor Law Commission | this set out to make poverty the most undesirable of all social situations;government poor relief was to be dispersed through only the workhouses | |
| 47528433 | "new bastilles" | the new workhouses were regarded as this | |
| 47528434 | The Anti-Corn Law League | organized by manufacturers, this sought to abolish tariffs protecting the domestic price of grain | |
| 47528435 | utopian socialists | their ideas were often visionary and because they frequently advocated the creation of ideal communities | |
| 47528436 | Saint-Simon | the earliest socialist pioneer; believed modern society would require rational management | |
| 47528437 | technocracy | said that the redistribution of wealth would not help the economy but that the management of wealth by experts would alleviate the poverty and social dislocation of the age | |
| 47528438 | Owen | self-made cotton manufacturer that was a firm believer in the environmentalist psychology of the Enlightenment | |
| 47528439 | enlightened management | when workers were rewarded for good work | |
| 47528440 | Fourier | the French intellectual counterpart to Owen; believed the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature. Social discipline ignored all the pleasures that human beings naturally seek; emphasis on boredom | |
| 47528441 | phalanxes | communities which liberated living would replace the boredom and dullness of industrial exsistence | |
| 47528442 | Blanc | socialist writer; wrote the Organization of Labor; demanded an end to competition but he did not seek a wholly new society | |
| 47528443 | anarchists | rejected both industry an the dominance of government | |
| 47528444 | Blanqui | sought the abolition of both capitalism and the state, he urged the development of a professional revolutionary vanguard to attack capitalist society | |
| 47528445 | Proudhon | wrote What is Property?; attacked the banking system | |
| 47528446 | Marxism | this political party differed from its competitors in its claims to scientific accuracy, its rejection of reform, and its call for revolution, though the character of that revolution was not well defined; contended that human history must be understood rationally and as a whole | |
| 47528447 | Engels | Marx's partner that helped him write The Communist Manifesto; contended that human history must be understood rationally and as a whole | |
| 47528448 | communist | the political group that was more radical than the socialists | |
| 47528449 | proletariat | the new industrial labor force | |
| 47528450 | Lamartine | organized a provisional government | |
| 47528451 | Blanc | led the working class when they demanded representation in the cabinet | |
| 47528453 | June Days | the days that confirmed the victory of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte's election | |
| 47528454 | "Little Napoleon" | Louis Napoleon's nickname | |
| 47528455 | Vesuvians | the most radical of women | |
| 47528456 | Voix Des Femmes | also known as the Women's Voice, this was a daily newspaper that addressed issues of concern to women | |
| 47528457 | Deroin and Roland | the leaders of the Voix Des Femmes' effort to organize workers' groups to improve the economic situation for working class women | |
| 47528458 | Kossuth | a Magyar nationalist and member of the Hungarian diet, attacked Austrian domination of Hungary, called for the independence of Hungary and demanded a responsible ministry under the Habsburg dynasty | |
| 47528459 | The March Laws | a series of laws that ensured equality of religion, jury trials, the election of a lower chamber, a relatively free press, and payment of taxes by the nobility | |
| 47528460 | Jellachich | he aided the national groups who were rebelling against the rebellious Hungarians; he was sent by the Vienna government | |
| 47801125 | General Prince Alfred Windischgraetz | this Hungarian prince sent his troops against the uprising in Prague after the close of the Pan-Slavic Congress | |
| 47801126 | Radetzky | the Austrian commander that fought in Northern Italy against Piedmont | |
| 47801127 | King Charles Albert | the king of Piedmont who fought with the rebels in Northern Italy to expand his influence on Lombardy | |
| 47801128 | Schwarzenberg | the person who had power after Emperor Ferdinand | |
| 47801129 | Tsar Nicholas I | the Russian ruler that furnished the Austrian army with 200,000 troops | |
| 47801130 | Piedmont-Austrian War | the war that marked the first stage of the Italian revolution | |
| 47801131 | Pius IX | pope that reformed the administration of the Papal States; known to be liberal | |
| 47801132 | Count Pelligrino Rossi | the liberal minister of the Papal States | |
| 47801133 | Battle of Novara | battle at which Piedmont was defeated | |
| 47801134 | Victor Emmanuel II | King Charles Albert's son that was abdicated to the throne | |
| 47801135 | Frederick William IV | the Prussian king that said Prussia would aid in German unification | |
| 47801136 | Hansemann | head of the Prussian Constituent Assembly | |
| 47801137 | The Prussian constituent assembly | radical and democratic group that was appointed by Frederick William IV | |
| 47801138 | the Frankfurt Parliament | this group intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a united Germany | |
| 47801139 | grossdeutsch | the members of the Frankfurt Parliament that favored inclusion of Austria | |
| 47801140 | kleindeutsch | the members of the Frankfurt Parliament that favored exclusion of Austria |
