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| 157118082 | population revolution | Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent | 0 | |
| 157118083 | French Revolution | Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe | 1 | |
| 157118084 | radical | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes | 2 | |
| 157118085 | Belgian Revolution | Revolution of 1830; produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy | 3 | |
| 157118086 | Industrial Revolution | Series of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production | 4 | |
| 157118087 | factory system | Not to be confused with the fortified ports of the commercial revolution; intensification of processes of production at single sites during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and firmer discipline | 5 | |
| 157118088 | Benjamin Disraeli | Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics | 6 | |
| 157118089 | American Civil War | Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South | 7 | |
| 157118090 | revisionism | Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions | 8 | |
| 157118091 | Charles Darwin | Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival | 9 | |
| 157118092 | Albert Einstein | Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity | 10 | |
| 157118093 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements | 11 | |
| 157118094 | protoindustrialization | Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution | 12 | |
| 157118095 | Louis XVI | Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution | 13 | |
| 157118096 | nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin | 14 | |
| 157118097 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain | 15 | |
| 157118098 | James Watt | Devised a steam engine in 1770s during the Industrial Revolution that could be used for production; steam engine was utilized in textile industries, mining, and railroads | 16 | |
| 157118099 | Luddites | Workers in Britain (1810-1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd | 17 | |
| 157118100 | Otto von Bismarck | Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes | 18 | |
| 157118101 | Karl Marx | German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship | 19 | |
| 157118102 | feminist movement | Joke; sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s | 20 | |
| 157118103 | Romanticism | Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection | 21 | |
| 157118104 | Triple Entente | Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I | 22 | |
| 157118105 | American Revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America | 23 | |
| 157118106 | guillotine | Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror | 24 | |
| 157118107 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans | 25 | |
| 157118108 | liberal | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments | 26 | |
| 157118109 | demographic transition | Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Western Europe and U.S. in late 19th century | 27 | |
| 157118110 | Chartist movement | Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed | 28 | |
| 157118111 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and established the French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 | 29 | |
| 157118112 | mass leisure culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports | 30 | |
| 157118113 | Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician (19th-20th centuries); developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses; SEX ADDICT! | 31 | |
| 157118114 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I | 32 | |
| 157118115 | French Revolution of 1830 | Second rebellion against Bourbon monarchy; essentially a liberal movement resulting in the creation of a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy | 33 | |
| 157118116 | Revolutions of 1848 | Generally refers to those nationalist and liberal movements within France, Germany, and the Habsburg Empire, specifically in Italy, Austria, and Hungary; after temporary success, the revolutions failed | 34 | |
| 157118117 | Louis Pasteur | Discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by the 1880s | 35 | |
| 157118118 | Count Camillo di Cavour | Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king | 36 | |
| 157118119 | social question | Issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 | 37 |
