Terms for Ch 25, about Latin America and how they get independence, etc
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| 150428315 | Toussaint L'overture | Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804 | 0 | |
| 150428316 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed | 1 | |
| 150428317 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations | 2 | |
| 150428318 | Dom Pedro I | Son and successor of Dom João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil | 3 | |
| 150428319 | Andrés Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839 | 4 | |
| 150428320 | caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America | 5 | |
| 150428321 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade | 6 | |
| 150428322 | fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil | 7 | |
| 150428323 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States | 8 | |
| 150428324 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America | 9 | |
| 150428325 | La Reforma | The name given to the liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna | 10 | |
| 150428326 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy | 11 | |
| 150428327 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists | 12 | |
| 150428328 | Domingo F. Sarmiento | Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation | 13 | |
| 150428329 | modernization theory | The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed; used as a blueprint for development in Latin America | 14 | |
| 150428330 | dependency theory | Belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process; that development and growth of some areas such as Western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions such as Latin America | 15 | |
| 150428331 | Joseph Bonaparte | Older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte; made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish and led to the costly Peninsula War | 16 | |
| 150428332 | Augustín de Iturbide | Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824 | 17 | |
| 150428333 | José de San Martín | Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well | 18 | |
| 150428334 | Dr. José Rodriguez de Francia | Ruler of independent Paraguay; ruled country as dictator until 1840 | 19 | |
| 150428335 | Manifest Destiny | Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War | 20 | |
| 150428336 | centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives | 21 | |
| 150428337 | guano | Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to Indian tribute and abolition of slavery | 22 | |
| 150428338 | Antonio López de Santa Anna | Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854 | 23 | |
| 150428339 | gauchos | Bands of mounted rural workers in the region of the Rio de la Plata; aided local caudillos in splitting apart the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata after 1816 | 24 | |
| 150428340 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867 | 25 | |
| 150428341 | Porfirio Díaz | One of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government | 26 | |
| 150428342 | cientificos | Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization | 27 | |
| 150428343 | Spanish-American War | War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines | 28 | |
| 150428344 | mask of Ferdinand | Term given to movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the displaced Bourbon king of Spain, Ferdinand VII; actually Creole movements for independence | 29 | |
| 150428345 | Simon Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia | 30 | |
| 150428346 | Dom João VI | Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro | 31 | |
| 150428347 | federalists | Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals | 32 | |
| 150428348 | positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence | 33 | |
| 150428349 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914 | 34 |
