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| 149380113 | similarities of Russian and Japanese Industrialization prior to 1914 | Russia: based on Byzantine and western empires Japan: based on China | 0 | |
| 149380114 | Russia's fear about Westernization | did not want radical uprisings from serfs | 1 | |
| 149380115 | Holy Alliance | Was a Coalition between Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815. It was supposed to install Christian values all throughout Europe, and also to prevent French ideas of Revolution from entering their countries. Metternich was responsible for spreading its goals from just Christian values to preventing Revolution. | 2 | |
| 149380116 | Decembrist Uprising | Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by western-oriented army officers who advocated reforms; human rights; put down by Tsar Nicholas I; Russia is pushed further into conservation | 3 | |
| 149380117 | Reason for no significant revolutions between 1830 and 1848 | political repression; the tsar increased secret police and squished any opponents | 4 | |
| 149380118 | Russian Territorial Expansion | ... | 5 | |
| 149380119 | Russian Economy at the beginning of the 19th century | based on grain exports; no new technology; increased peasant labor to match required needs for west | 6 | |
| 149380120 | Crimean War | from 1853-1856. This war pitted the Ottoman Empire (backed by Britain, France, and Sardinia (Piedmont)) against Russia. Russia wanted to extend into Ottoman- held territory, and Britain and France objected. Russia was defeated and all parties suffered significant casualties. This war weakened Russia, disabling them in their ability to be involved in the matter of German unification— need of industrialization in order to survive in Europe. West— not better tactics better weapons.o | 7 | |
| 149380121 | Alexander II | began process to reform Russia in the beginning of the 19th century; serfdom is holding Russia back (ppl are human— need to be treated as humans.. who will replace labor ?) | 8 | |
| 149380122 | 1861 | Date: End of Russian Serfdom/Italian Unification/emancipation | 9 | |
| 149380123 | redemption payments | former serfs were given small portions of land; would work it and pay landowners back for property; not much change; still work the land | 10 | |
| 149380124 | trans-siberian railway | 1st move towards industrialization; gov't project; Russia needed money and lacked a middle class (entrepreneurs); ^iron-railroad and coal-power train ^ | 11 | |
| 149380125 | count witte | russian minister of finance; 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs to protect new industry, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories with advanced tech. in Russia... result: bad— pay back westerners later (foreign owned + foreign operated= debtor nation | 12 | |
| 149380126 | Russian world rank in industrialization | not based on mechanization; great size, population and natural resources.. agriculture remained backwards— peasants were illiterate and no motives for increase of labor | 13 | |
| 149380127 | Russian intelligentsia | articulate intellectuals as a class; became active for free press and edu; wanted political freedom and social reform without materialistic side of western culture | 14 | |
| 149380128 | anarchists | Russian radicals; sought to abolish all formal gov't; opposition to tsarist autocracy; hope for winning peasant support—fail=after 1860's became terrorism— *bombing and assassinations*; strengthened tsarist Alexander II rule; censorship of newspapers and political meetings; were exiled to Siberia | 15 | |
| 149380129 | Lenin's effect on Russian Marxism | 1. Russia could gp through proletarian rev. without middle class phase 2.importamce of disciplined rev. cells that could maintain doctrinal purity and effective action even under severe police repression —approach animated group of Russian marxists aka Bolsheviks | 16 | |
| 149380130 | Bolsheviks | majority party— minority in Russian marxist movement as a whole; adopted Lenin's approach to Marxism | 17 | |
| 149380131 | Russian Revolution in 1905 | failure os Russia in Russo-Japanese War lead to this; imperial gov't appealed to peasants after rev. | 18 | |
| 149380132 | Piotyr Stolypin | introduced Stolypin Reforms—freedom from redemption payments and village control; goal: create stratified, market oriented peasantry fsrmers and become rural capitalist; interior minister- deals with domestic issues not foreign | 19 | |
| 149380133 | Russian Duma | national parliament; conservatives; Tsar doesn't give Duma power; goal: to placate liberals after loss of Russo-Japanese War | 20 | |
| 149380134 | kulaks | minority of entrepreneurs (peasants); increased agricultural production; bought additional land; goal: make as much $ as possible | 21 | |
| 149380135 | East European states and their relation to Russia | East adopted Russian developments: restricted voting rights and parliamentary powers, abolishment of slavery; landlord power was more extensive and industrialization was less extensive than Russia; more dependent on Western exports | 22 | |
| 149380136 | Dutch Studies | group in Tokugawa Japan (central bureaucracy with alliances) that advocated interest in Western scientific advance; used Western texts; helpful in medicine | 23 | |
| 149380137 | Commodore Matthew Perry | attained trading access to Japan in 1853 by threats and bombardment | 24 | |
| 149380138 | 1868 | end of major political crisis in Japan; Mutsuhito "Meiji" becomes emperor of Japan (enlightened one); adopted Western techniques and ideas; realizes West has surpassed Japan | 25 | |
| 149380139 | state direction of industry | intervention— keeps close watch; not much capital | 26 | |
| 149380140 | zaibatsus | industrial combines/factories in Japan; 1890's; result of accumulations of capital and merchant and industrial operations | 27 | |
| 149380141 | japanese industrialization prior to WWI | depended on imports from the West; silk production | 28 | |
| 149380142 | western cultural characteristics adopted by the japanese | haircuts, standards of hygiene—toothbrush, metric system, calendar | 29 | |
| 149380143 | shintoism | became popular in Japan; appealed to nationalist and emperor | 30 | |
| 149380144 | WWI date | 1914-1918 | 31 | |
| 149380145 | balkans | produced the most diplomatic crisis prior to WWI; Ottoman Empire ruled; wanted own identity | 32 | |
| 149380146 | western front by 1915 | stealmate— nothing is gaining advantage; battle isn't going anywhere | 33 | |
| 149380147 | Reasons for Russian failure during the first weeks of the war | ... | 34 | |
| 149380148 | direct consequence of WWI | ... | 35 | |
| 149380149 | the italian front | Iberians and Austria (advantage of the Alps) clash | 36 | |
| 149380150 | american economy during WWI | benefits from Europe; sell food, raw materials and weapons; | 37 | |
| 149380151 | Japan during WWI | became involved in 1902 due to a naval treaty with Great Britain; profited by warfare in Asia | 38 | |
| 149380152 | Ottoman Empire during WWI | Germany's main support against Europe | 39 | |
| 149380153 | sea warfare during WWI | unrestricted submarine warfare; Germans can launch torpedos at any ship | 40 | |
| 149380154 | 1918 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk takes Russia out of war with significant territorial losses; the armistice with Germany that ended World War I on the 11th month, 11th day, 11th hour, 11th minute of this year | 41 | |
| 149380155 | weimar republic | new civilian government of Germany installed before surrender to entente para shift the blame of defeat;1919 to 1933; Germany's first democracy; failed miserably | 42 | |
| 149380156 | Treaty of Versailles | treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I; demanded Germany to dismantle military and give up lands to Poland; resented by many Germans | 43 | |
| 149380157 | WWI casualties | 10 million dead; 20 million wounded (not including civilians) | 44 | |
| 149380158 | india's budget | paid for large armies for Britain; administrators were paid when indians were qualified for the job | 45 | |
| 149380159 | congress party | served purposes of INCP; dominated by elite-centric issues; gave Indians first sense of identity and representation in gov't | 46 | |
| 149380160 | Indian National Congress Party | led Indians to independence; governed most decades of post-colonial era; Western educated Indians | 47 | |
| 149380161 | Morely-Mitno Reforms | provided educated Indians to elect and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils | 48 | |
| 149380162 | bengal | ... | 49 | |
| 149380163 | B.G. Tilak | believed that since Hindus made up majority Indian population nationalism should be built on Hindu views; worked to revive ancient ways of Hindus; opposed women education and wanted to lower marriage age of women; called for independence from Britain with threats | 50 | |
| 149380164 | effendi | prosperous business and professional families that make up new middle class | 51 | |
| 149380165 | Lord Cromer | arrives in Egypt and makes all the decisions of state from 1883 to 1907; enabled Britain to control the Suez canal; pushed for economic reforms aimed at reducing the debt of Turkish khedives | 52 | |
| 149380166 | 1882 in Egypt | British occupation; by mutiny of Almad Orabi and other Egyptian officers | 53 | |
| 149380167 | Dinshawai | party of British officers on leave; 'accidentally' shot a women (thought she was a bird) 1906; led to an uproar of racial arrogance; mobilize Egyptian leadership (ayans) | 54 | |
| 149380168 | 1913, Egypt | British granted a constitution and representation in a parliament | 55 | |
| 149380169 | Difference between egyptian and indian nationalist movements | Indian: peaceful; Egyptian: violent | 56 | |
| 149380170 | balfour declaration | British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI | 57 | |
| 149380171 | leadership of the pan-African organizations | African Americans and West Indians; 1920s attempts to arouse all-African loyalties; not natives | 58 | |
| 149380172 | countries with woman's suffrage after WWI | Germany, Great Britain, US, Turkey | 59 | |
| 149380173 | PRI | Party of the Institutional Revolution; 1920s-1930s; controlled politics; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-clas sectors; revealed worst aspects of cuadillo rule | 60 | |
| 149380174 | cristeros | Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence, backed by catholic church + many politicians | 61 | |
| 149380175 | indigenism | nationalism; concern for the indigenous people and their contribution to Mexican culture | 62 | |
| 149380176 | reforms of the 1917 mexican constitution | land reform; limited foreign ownership of key resources; guaranteed rights of workers; restrictions on clerical education and church ownership of property; educational refoms | 63 | |
| 149380177 | ejidos | givwn under President Lazaro Cardenas; >40 million acres of land was distributed; communal holdings | 64 | |
| 149380178 | alvaro obregon | able general; learned new tactics of machine guns and trenches from war in Europe; beat Villa's cavalry in a series of battles in 1915; emerged as leader of gov't in 1920 | 65 | |
| 149380179 | goals of emiliano zapata | goal of land reform: " Tierra y Libertad" (land and liberty) | 66 | |
| 149380180 | Juan jose arevalo | Key Points 1. President of Guatemala (1945-51) 2. Encouraged labor movement and had many social reforms including social security, and public building 3. Favored indigenous people 4. Did not support U.S. domination of Latin American 5. Overthrown by Arbenz | 67 | |
| 149380181 | francisco madero | tried to run for presidency but Diaz had him arrested. He then called for an armed revolution against Diaz and he was later elected president in 1911 | 68 | |
| 149380182 | porfirio diaz | He took control of the Mexican government after Benito Juarez's death. With the support of the military, he led a corrupt regime that rewarded supporters with bribes of land and political favors, and punished dissenters with cruelty and prison sentences. He advocated 'Order and Progress.' Most Mexicans remained poor and many began to protest his harsh rule. Francisco Madero opposed him and was forced to flee to Texas. Francisco Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata's armies overwhelmed him, and he was forced to step down. Madero replaced him. | 69 | |
| 149380183 | 1910 in Mexico | Mexican Revolution; led by Pancho Villa and Emilia Zapata | 70 | |
| 149380184 | St. Petersberg | Russian Rev. in 1917 | 71 | |
| 149380185 | soviets | council of workers | 72 | |
| 149380186 | Alexander Kerensky | A Socialist Revolutionary; became prime minister in the Provisional Govt. in July 1917 after abdication of Nicholas II. In sep. when General Kornilov's attempted to march on Petrograd and seize power, K released Bolsheviks from prison and turned to the Petrograd soviet for help. His action showed Lenin how weak the P. G. really was. He was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (October 1917) for his moderate policies | 73 | |
| 149380187 | reasons the initial Russian gov't following the tsar failed | ... | 74 | |
| 149380188 | 1912, China | Sun Yat-sen resigned as president in favor of northern warlord Yuan Shikai (most powerful of northern clique of generals—best chance to unify China under single government) | 75 | |
| 149380189 | Sun Yat-sen | The first great revolutionary leader in 20th century China who founded the Alliance League in 1905; aimed to overthrow Qing to make china a republic, get rid of foreign powers and distribute land to peasants; created the 3 principles of the people: Nationalism, Socialism and Democracy; after rev., he returned from overseas to lead china: failed to leaed successfully; handed power to Yuan Shikai. | 76 | |
| 149380190 | May Fourth Movement | resistance to Japanese encroachments in China; aimed at transforming China into liberal democracy; reject Confucianism growing out of students and intellectuals; demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919 protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles. | 77 | |
| 149380191 | Li Dazhao | Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China. | 78 | |
| 149380192 | Difference between Chinese Marxist philosophy and Lenin's Marxist philosophy | Lenin: saw peasants as urban workers, focused on urban class Chinese Marxist: peasants-anser to revolutionary change, proletarian | 79 | |
| 149380193 | proletarian | nation with manufacturers, paid labors in agriculture or economy | 80 | |
| 149380194 | nationalist party of China | Guomindang; included all groups; (Revolutionary Alliance—only includes warlords); created in 1919; attempted to unify diverse political organizations struggling for political influence in China; majority of assistance— Soviet Russia; didn't focus on peasantry (90% of pop) | 81 | |
| 149380195 | Chiang Kai-shek | General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925; succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang; became a military dictator; major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong; not concerned with helping China in long run | 82 | |
| 149380196 | mao zedong | Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976); led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935); rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China; committed to rev. solutions that depended on peasant support | 83 | |
| 149380197 | shanghai | 1927 massacre of communists; lead by Chiang Kai-shek | 84 | |
| 149380198 | long march | 1934 communist escape from Hunan providence during civil war with Gumindang; 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China; led by Mao Zedong; Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek; 90,000 followers | 85 | |
| 149380199 | shaanxi province | Where did the communists set up their government after the Long March? | 86 | |
| 149380200 | national tarrifs | governments' reaction to depression in 1929; | 87 | |
| 149380201 | collapse of the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) | 1929; overproduction—prices were low; farmers fled, farmers that stayed were unable to meet high deman | 88 | |
| 149380202 | 1935, Ethiopia | invaded by Italy | 89 | |
| 149380203 | New Deal | created by Franklin D. Roosevelt—precursor of modern welfare; programs to pull US out of depression; direct government intervention; | 90 | |
| 149380204 | anschluss | (1938) This was the annexation of Austria into Germany under the Nazis. The Austrian leader instituted a plebiscite in an attempt to keep Austria independent, but Nazism and the unification of German-speaking people was popular in Austria, and the Austrian Nazi party had control of Austria's government. The combining of Austria and Germany was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles, but Italy, France and Great Britain did nothing to oppose the Nazis. | 91 | |
| 149380205 | studetenland | ... | 92 | |
| 149380206 | adolf hitler's political program | need for unity, traditional ways, firm stance against socialism and communism | 93 | |
| 149380207 | nazi ecomonic planning | well staged propaganda bombardments; strident nationalism; attack on Germany's Jewish minority | 94 | |
| 149380208 | 1932 election on Germany | Nazis won largest single slice vote | 95 | |
| 149380209 | totallitarian | controlling the freedom, will or thought of others | 96 | |
| 149380210 | falange | A Spanish facist party that supported Francisco Franco during the Spanish civil war | 97 | |
| 149380211 | corporatism | political ideology; emphasizes organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military | 98 | |
| 149380212 | juan d. peron | Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after militiary coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became President in 1946, forced into exile in 1955, returned and won presidency in 1973 | 99 | |
| 149380213 | groups allied with peron | workers, industrialists, military | 100 | |
| 149380214 | getelio vargas' gov't in brazil (1929-1945) | established corporate state (authoritarian); direct integration | 101 | |
| 149380215 | lazaro cardenas | President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820 | 102 | |
| 149380216 | collectivization | Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes. | 103 | |
| 149380217 | Japanese world trade | controlled 3.6% | 104 | |
| 149380218 | Japanese depression vs. world depression | ... | 105 | |
| 149380219 | korekiyo takahashi | Minister of finance in Japan during the 1930s; increased government spending to provide jobs; created export boom and elimination of military purchasing. | 106 | |
| 149380220 | regions conquered by Japan by the end of 1938 | Manchuria, Korea, Taiwan (Formosa), eastern China | 107 | |
| 149380221 | results of Stalin's agricultural planning | FAILURE | 108 | |
| 149380222 | five-year plans | instituted by Stalin; industrialization— what factories, what is being produced; successful | 109 | |
| 149380223 | politburo | executive committee of Soviet Communist party; 20 members | 110 | |
| 149380224 | socialist realism | attempt within USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European culture; began under Joseph Stalin; soviet fiction, art, and literacy criticism Writers and painters considered dangerous, works were censored; Artists/Writers forced to paint/write about the glory of the Soviet Union | 111 |
