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| 53479230 | Ivan III (the Great) | The Russian ruler who who started calling himself czar. He made the final break from the Mongols in 1480 and started a long line of rulers. | 0 | |
| 53479231 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | First Czar of Russia. During good Era: made many reforms, Created a council that included members from all classes, Defeated Mongols and expanded borders. During bad Era: Paranoid and strict policies lost many of his followers. Killed his only heir and launched Russia into a Time of Troubles. | 1 | |
| 53479232 | Catherine II (the Great) | she became the Great because she defeated the turks and gained access to the black sea, married Peter III, tried to by enlightened with her Instructions | 2 | |
| 53479233 | Vitus Bering | Russian. Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait (1681-1741) | 3 | |
| 53479234 | Patriarch Nikon | He was the head of the Orthodox Church from 1652-1667. He came from peasant descent. He was very educated. He demanded to share authority with the Tsar. The Tsar was mad and broke with Nikon. The Tsar exiled Nikon to a remote monastery. Before that he had a thoroughgoing reform of Russian Orthodox texts and rituals. | 4 | |
| 53479235 | Avvakum | his death epitomized the tension between the church and the Russian government | 5 | |
| 53479236 | Cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. | 6 | |
| 53479237 | Novgorod | important trade center that provided a link between northern Europe and Asia, one of the oldest cities in Russia | 7 | |
| 53479238 | Oprichniki | A personal group of civil servants who arrested boyers and gave their lands to Ivan the Terrible's supporters | 8 | |
| 53479239 | Law Code of 1649 | Code enacted by Catharine II placing Russian serfs under the tight control of landlords. | 9 | |
| 53479240 | The Pale of Settlements | term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border, in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, and beyond which Jewish residence was generally prohibited. | 10 | |
| 53479241 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 11 | |
| 53479242 | Intelligentsia | an educated and intellectual elite | 12 |
