Campbell
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| 329017343 | chordates | an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle | |
| 329017344 | vertebrates | animals with backbones | |
| 329017345 | notochord | long supporting rod that runs through a chordate's body just below the nerve cord | |
| 329017346 | urochordates | A chordate without a backbone, commonly called a tunicate, a sessile marine animal. | |
| 329017347 | lancelets | member of the subphylum Cephalochordata, small blade-shaped marine chordates that lack a backbone | |
| 329017348 | somites | a body segment, present in series, i.e. metameric segmentation. | |
| 329017349 | cephalochordates | A chordate without a backbone, represented by lancelets, tiny marine animals. | |
| 329017350 | paedogenesis | The precocious development of sexual maturity in a larva. | |
| 329017351 | neural crest | Group of cells that develop from the nerve cord and from portions of the brain and skull, certain sense organs and some nerve fibers | |
| 329017352 | craniata | The chordate subgroup that possess a cranium. | |
| 329017353 | gnathostomes | vertebrates that have jaws | |
| 329017354 | tetrapods | vertebrate animals having four feet, legs or leglike appendages | |
| 329017355 | amniotes | member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo; mammals, birds+reptiles | |
| 329017356 | agnathans | jawless, gill tissue internal to brachial skeleton, gill openings are pores, notochord is persistent in adults, paired fins are absent, ex lamprey | |
| 329017357 | myxini | least derived craniate lineage; hagfish; lack jaw/vertebrae; looks like snake in water; predator | |
| 329017358 | cephalaspidomorphi | - lampreys - only true parasitic vertebrate teeth around mouth used to suck blood and flesh - larvae in freshwater, most migrate to sea - cartilage skeleton | |
| 329017359 | ostracoderms | earliest agnathans, very abundant in their time period, jawless filter feeders, had tails and many did not have fins only a few inches long | |
| 329017360 | conodonts | slender, soft bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes that were controlled by numerous muscles and armored; extinct | |
| 329017361 | placoderms | Fish that had bony plates covering their heads rather than the scales that cover the heads of fish today. Assumed to be extinct. | |
| 329017362 | acathodians | Synapomorphies: 1st bony fishes oldest fossils of bony fishes mid surface water feeders 440-280 ma fw and marine some school extinct | |
| 329017363 | chondrichythes | a) have jaws b) paired fins c) gill openings not covered d) skeleton of cartilage | |
| 329017364 | lateral line | sense organs of fish and amphibians | |
| 329017365 | oviparous | term used to refer to animals whose eggs hatch outside the mother's body | |
| 329017366 | viviparous | producing living young (not eggs) | |
| 329017367 | ovoviviparous | producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body | |
| 329017368 | osteichythes | vast majority of gnathosomes belong to this clade, boney fish | |
| 329017369 | opeculum | bony flap that covers and protects the gills | |
| 329017370 | swim bladder | an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy | |
| 329017371 | actinopterygii | group of ray-finned bony fish including sturgeon and gar | |
| 329017372 | actinistia | a subclass of mostly fossil lobe-finned fishes. This subclass contains the coelacanths, including the two living coelacanths, the West Indian Ocean coelacanth and the king of the sea. [edit] See also | |
| 329017373 | dipnoi | bony fishes of the southern hemisphere that breathe by a modified air bladder as well as gills, lungfish | |
| 329017374 | amphibia | in larva form - tadpole, in water possess gills, tail and no legs; in adult form - live on land, has lungs, 2 pairs of legs, no tail, 3-chambered heart, no scales, utilizes external fertilization (frogs, salamandars) | |
| 329017375 | urodela | The order of salamanders that includes tetrapod amphibians with tails. | |
| 329017376 | anura | frogs, toads, tree toads | |
| 329017377 | apoda | order of legless caecilians | |
| 329017378 | extraembryonic membranes | Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. | |
| 329017379 | synapsids | Early mammalian ancestors with only one temporal fenestra behind the eye socket | |
| 329017380 | anapsids | One of three groups of amniotes based on key differences between their skulls. | |
| 329017381 | diapsids | Reptiles possessing a skull with two pairs of openings behind each eye socket; includes squamates, birds, crocodiles, and dinosaurs | |
| 329017382 | lepidosaurs | The reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand animals called tuataras. | |
| 329017383 | archosaurs | The reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds. | |
| 329017384 | ectotherms | animals that are not able to control their body temperature | |
| 329017385 | dinosaurs | An extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat. | |
| 329017386 | pterosaurs | earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings were formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other tissues stretching from the legs to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous 220-65Ma | |
| 329017387 | endothermic | describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings | |
| 329017388 | testudines | turtles, tortoises, terrapins; ~315 species; cosmopolitan distribution; good fossil record | |
| 329017389 | sphenodontia | small group of unusual lizards with a "third eye", tuaturas | |
| 329017390 | squamata | Order of lizards and snakes | |
| 329017391 | crocodilia | crocodiles, alligators, and caimans | |
| 329017392 | theropods | A group of relatively small, bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs. | |
| 329017393 | carinates | have keel on sternum, flying birds and penguins | |
| 329017394 | passeriforms | birds that possess perching feet and generalized beaks | |
| 329017395 | mammalia | warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female | |
| 329017396 | placenta | the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus | |
| 329017397 | therapsids | Reptile order that had some small members that evolved into little nocturnal mammals in the Triassic | |
| 329017398 | monotremes | Mammals that have hair and mammary glands but reproduce by laying eggs. | |
| 329017399 | marsupials | Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch. | |
| 329017400 | eutherian mammals | viviparous, endothermic animals whose young develop within the uterus and are fed via the placenta | |
| 329017401 | afrotheria | clade of mammals sharing an african history, based on general appearences and molecular data, including golden moles, sengis (elephant shrews), tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants and manatees, | |
| 329017402 | prosimians | Small, nocturnal primates with large eyes adapted to seeing in the dark. | |
| 329017403 | opposable thumb | thumb that enables grasping objects and using tools | |
| 329017404 | anthropoids | A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo), monkeys, and humans. | |
| 329017405 | paleoanthroplogy | the study of the fossilized bones and teeth of our earliest ancestors | |
| 329017406 | hominid | characterizing the family Hominidae, which includes Homo sapiens sapiens as well as extinct species of manlike creatures | |
| 329017407 | hominoid | anthropoid group that includes apes and humans | |
| 329017408 | mosaic evolution | a pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems. | |
| 329017409 | prognathic jaw | chimp style jaw with a snout | |
| 329017410 | multiregional hypothesis | The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world. | |
| 329017411 | replacement hypothesis | Another name for the "out of Africa" hypothesis, more recent divergence among human populations, with genetic variation tied to modern H. sapiens in Africa (little or no gene flow among species/subspecies), modern humans evolved in Africa and then spread to the rest of the world. |
