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| 11723738 | Stateless Societies | organized around kinship or other forms of obligation & lacking the concentration of political power & authority we normally associate w/ the state; sometimes grew larger & more extensive; had forms of government but power held by council of families versus just 1 ruler; small concentration of power & had minimal affect over people's lives | 0 | |
| 11723739 | Maghrib: | Arabic word for western north Africa | 1 | |
| 11723740 | Almoravids: | early 11th century; the followers of a great puritanical reformist movement; grew among the desert Berbers of the western Sahara; | 2 | |
| 11723741 | Almohads | another reformist group in 1130 among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa | 3 | |
| 11723742 | Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa | 4 | |
| 11723743 | Lalibela | the ruler of Axum who sponsored a remarkable building project in which 11 great churches were sculpted from the rock in the town that bore his name | 5 | |
| 11723744 | Sahel | extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara | 6 | |
| 11723745 | Sudanic States | often had a patriarch or council of elders of a particular family or group of lineages as leaders; had a territorial core area where people were of the same race or spoke the same language, but power extended over subordinate communities; these were conquest states that drew on taxes, tribute, & military support | 7 | |
| 11723746 | Mali | a state of the savannah country, between the desert & the forests of west Africa; formed by the Malinke people; success attributed to its access to gold & control of the caravan routes & large army; ruling families converted to Islam; local customs & food less refined than the "elegant courts"; | 8 | |
| 11723747 | Juula | Malinke merchants who formed small partnerships & groups to carry out trade throughout the area; | 9 | |
| 11723748 | Mansa | emperor | 10 | |
| 11723749 | Mansa Kankan Musa | (1312-1337); most famous of Sundiata's successors; brought al-Sahili to build mosques, etc... | 11 | |
| 11723750 | Ishak al-Sahili | a poet & architect who directed the building of several important mosques, & a distinctive form of Sudanic architecture | 12 | |
| 11723751 | Sundiata | a brilliant leader whose exploits were celebrated in a great oral tradition | 13 | |
| 11723752 | Griots | professional oral historians who also served as keepers of traditions & advisors to the kings | 14 | |
| 11723753 | Timbuktu | port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library & university | 15 | |
| 11723754 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 16 | |
| 11723755 | Muhammad the Great | extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century; | 17 | |
| 11723756 | Hausa States | people of northern Nigeria formed these states; formed following the demise of the Songhay Empire & combined Muslim & pagan tradition | 18 | |
| 11723757 | Zenj | Arabic term for the east African coast | 19 | |
| 11723758 | East African Trading Ports | opened Africa up to Islamic as well as other influences | 20 | |
| 11723759 | Ibn Batuta | Arab traveler who described African societies & cultures in his travel journals | 21 | |
| 11723760 | Nok | a village in the forests of central Nigeria; inhabitants practiced agriculture & used iron tools; remain a mystery | 22 | |
| 11723761 | Yoruba | spoke a non-Bantu language of the west African Kwa family & recognized a certain affinity between themselves & neighboring peoples such as the Hausa; organized in small city-states; highly urbanized, though many inhabitants farmed in the surrounding countryside; c-s developed under regional kings | 23 | |
| 11723762 | Ile-Ife | a city among the Yoruba-speaking peoples of central Nigeria; seen as the birthplace of the Yoruba, holiest city; an agricultural society dominated by a ruling family and an aristocracy | 24 | |
| 11723763 | Benin | formed sometime in the 14th century; territory extended from Niger River to the coast near modern Lagos under Ewuare the Great | 25 | |
| 11723764 | Luba | modified the older system of village headmen to a form of divine kinship in which the ruler and his relatives were thought to have a special power that ensured fertility of people & crops in Katanga | 26 | |
| 11723765 | Kongo Kingdom | based on agriculture; formed on the lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy | 27 | |
| 11723766 | Zimbabwe | stone house sites that housed local rulers & subchiefs | 28 | |
| 11723767 | Great Zimbabwe | largest "Zimbabwe"; Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi & Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa | 29 | |
| 11723768 | Mwene Mutapa | title of a king in Great Zimbabwe | 30 | |
| 11723769 | Islamization | helped link Muslim Africa w/ the outside world through trade, religion & politics | 31 | |
| 11723770 | Bantu Migration | migrated due to over population; helped spread culture throughout Africa | 32 | |
| 11723771 | Ifriqiya | what the Romans had called Africa | 33 | |
| 11723772 | Jihad | a holy war waged to purify, spread, or protect the faith | 34 | |
| 11723773 | Axum | kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroe in the first century AD; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity | 35 | |
| 11723774 | Ghana | founded in the 3rd century; rose to power by taxing the salt & gold exchanged within its borders; by 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam & was at the height of its power | 36 | |
| 11723775 | Sunni Ali Ber | 1464-1492; a great tactical commander & ruthless leader; his cavalry expanded the borders of and seized the traditional trading cities of Timbuktu & Jenne; middle Niger valley fell under his control & he developed a system of provincial administration to mobilize recruits for the army & rule the far-flung conquests; he was Muslim; succeeded by the askia | 37 | |
| 11723776 | Caliph | ruling title of Islamic people | 38 | |
| 11723777 | Matrilineal | traced ancestors through the mother | 39 | |
| 11723778 | Sharia | Islamic law | 40 |
