Terms : Hide Images
| 53115940 | Monorialism | obligations and allegiances; system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; exchanged labor for access to land; originated in the late Roman Empire | 0 | |
| 53115941 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages; largest population; lived on self-sufficient agricultural estates; received protection from landlords in exchange for a portion of their crops; lack of equipment led to low amount of goods produced | 1 | |
| 53115942 | Three-Field system | system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe; included one third in spring, grains, one third fallow | 2 | |
| 53115943 | Clovis | Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c.496; allowed establishment of Frankish Kingdom; led the way for papal authority and the spread of Christianity | 3 | |
| 53115944 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century | 4 | |
| 53115945 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in Battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat in western Europe; confined Muslims to Spain (preserved Europe for Christianity) | 5 | |
| 53115946 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany; restored church-based education; intellectual activity restored | 6 | |
| 53115947 | Holy Roman Emperors | emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c.10th century; failed to develope centrailized monarchy in Germany | 7 | |
| 53115948 | Feudalism | the social organization created by exchanging grants of land in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service | 8 | |
| 53115949 | Vassals | members of the military elite who recieved land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 9 | |
| 53115950 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended thight feudal system to England; established administrative system to England based on sheriffs; established centrailized monarchy | 10 | |
| 53115951 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 11 | |
| 53115952 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France | 12 | |
| 53115953 | Hundred Years' War | conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states | 13 | |
| 53115954 | Urban II | called first crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assult to free the Holy Land from the Muslims | 14 | |
| 53115955 | Gregory VII | Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture; excommunicated emperor | 15 | |
| 53115956 | Investiture | practice of state appointment of bishops; pope Gregory VII attempted to ban practice of lay investiture; leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 16 | |
| 53115957 | Peter Abelard | author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logice to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine | 17 | |
| 53115958 | Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from universities | 18 | |
| 53115959 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 19 | |
| 53115960 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 20 | |
| 53115961 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls | 21 | |
| 53115962 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 22 | |
| 53115963 | Guilds | Sworn associates of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guarenteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities | 23 | |
| 53115964 | Black Death | plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure | 24 | |
| 53115965 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century | 25 | |
| 53115966 | 496 | the year when Frankish warrior cheiftan Clovis converts to Christianity | 26 | |
| 53115967 | 732 | the year of the defeat of Muslims at Battle of Tours | 27 | |
| 53115968 | 1215 | the year when King John of England forced to sign Magna Carta | 28 | |
| 53115969 | Moors/Moops | Muslims in Spain, France, and England | 29 |
