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| 5155828198 | Signal transduction pathway | Series of steps that converts a received signal or a specific cellular response | 0 | |
| 5155828199 | Local regulators | Messenger molecules that are secreted by the signaling cells and travel only a short distance | 1 | |
| 5155828200 | Hormones | Chemicals that are used in long distance signaling in plants and animals | 2 | |
| 5155828201 | Ligand | Molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one | 3 | |
| 5155828202 | G protein coupled receptor | Signal receptor protein in the membrane that responds to binding of signaling molecule by activating a G protein | 4 | |
| 5155828203 | G protein | Gtp binding protein that relays signs,s from a plasma membrane signal receptor to signal transduction proteins inside the cell | 5 | |
| 5155828204 | Receptor tyrosine kinases | Plasma membrane receptor that has enzymatic activity. Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from atp to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein | 6 | |
| 5155828205 | Ligand gated ion channel | Membrane receptor containing a region that can act like a gate when the receptor changes shape | 7 | |
| 5155828206 | Protein kinase | Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from atp to protein | 8 | |
| 5155828207 | Protein phosphatases | Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins | 9 | |
| 5155828208 | Second messengers | Small nonprotein water soluble molecule/ion that relays a signal to a cells interior response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein | 10 | |
| 5155828209 | cAMP | Cyclic amp. Ring shaped molecule made from atp that is a common intracellular signaling molecule in eukaryotes. | 11 | |
| 5155828210 | Adenylyl cyclase | Enzyme in plasma membrane that converts atp to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal | 12 | |
| 5155828211 | Inositol triphosphate IP3 | Second messenger that functions as intermediate between certain signaling molecules and a subsequent second messenger, calcium, by causing a rise in cytoplasmic calcium concentration | 13 | |
| 5155828212 | Diacylglycerol DAG | A second messenger produced by the cleavage of the phospholipid pip2 in the plasma membrane | 14 | |
| 5155828213 | Scaffolding proteins | Large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached | 15 | |
| 5155828214 | Apoptosis | Controlled cell suicide | 16 | |
| 5199269606 | T/f only multicellular organisms signal | False unicellular too | 17 | |
| 5199269607 | Most often way to signal | Chemically | 18 | |
| 5199269608 | Ex of a signal transduction pathway | Fight or flight | 19 | |
| 5199269609 | 3 steps of cellular signaling | Reception Transduction Response | 20 | |
| 5199269610 | A transduction can be... | Amplified | 21 | |
| 5199269611 | Cells are sensitive to... | Their environment | 22 | |
| 5199269612 | What can bacteria sense? | Population densities | 23 | |
| 5199269613 | What do animal and plant cells have to connect to other cells? | Gap junctions (animal) Plasmodesmata( plant) | 24 | |
| 5199269614 | Types of local signaling | Direct contact Cell to cell recognition | 25 | |
| 5199269615 | Ex of long distance signalers | Hormones | 26 | |
| 5199269616 | What are plant hormones? | Gaseous | 27 | |
| 5199269617 | What decides if a cell will respond? | If it has a receptor or not | 28 | |
| 5199269618 | What do secreting cells release? | Ligands that stimulate target cells | 29 | |
| 5199269619 | What do nerve cells do? | Send out electrical signal that releases chemical signals through neurotransmitters | 30 | |
| 5199269620 | Synapse | Gap between nerve cells | 31 | |
| 5199269621 | What does a endocrine cell do? | Release signals and diffuse into blood vessels . After traveling, they diffuse out of vessel to target cell | 32 | |
| 5199269622 | Ex of responses | Change in cytoskeleton Turn on and off genes | 33 | |
| 5199269623 | What is initial transduction? | Change in receptor | 34 | |
| 5199269624 | What are most signal receptors | Plasma membrane proteins | 35 | |
| 5199269625 | 3 main types of membrane receptors | G protein coupled receptors Receptor tyrosine kinases Ion channel receptors | 36 | |
| 5199269626 | Most _______ bind to receptors | Water soluble signal molecules | 37 | |
| 5199269627 | Largest family of receptors | G proteins | 38 | |
| 5199269628 | When is gpcr active ? | If G protein attached | 39 | |
| 5199269629 | Steps of the gpcr | Ligand binds to gpcr Receptor changes shape and G protein binds Activated receptor makes gdp fall off and makes gtp Gtp attaches to enzyme and creates cellular response Phosphate falls off and binds again | 40 | |
| 5199269630 | T/f gpcr is reversible | True | 41 | |
| 5199269631 | Steps of rtk | Ligand binds to receptor making a dimer Tyrosine kinases adds phosphate from atp to tyrosine Phosphorylated tyrosines make a cellular response | 42 | |
| 5199269632 | What can rtks do? | Trigger multiple signal transduction pathway at once | 43 | |
| 5199269633 | What can an abnormal rtk mean . | Cancer | 44 | |
| 5199269634 | 2 rtks together= | Dimer | 45 | |
| 5199269635 | Ion channel steps | Ligand binds to open channel like a gate | 46 | |
| 5199269636 | 2 types of intracellular receptors | Cytosol and nucleus | 47 | |
| 5199269637 | Hormones are... | Hydrophobic and diffuse through membrane | 48 | |
| 5199269638 | What do hormones do? | Diffuse through membrane and go to Nucleus and act a transcription factor | 49 | |
| 5199269639 | _______ makes cells sensitive to environment | Transduction | 50 | |
| 5199269640 | What do protein kinases don't? | Transfer phosphate group from Atp to protein | 51 | |
| 5199269641 | What do calcium ions allow to happen? | Regulation of concentration | 52 | |
| 5199269642 | Common second messenger s | Camp and calcium ions | 53 | |
| 5199269643 | Pathways that need second messenger | Gpcr and rtk | 54 | |
| 5199269644 | _________ starts a transduction pathway | Camp | 55 | |
| 5199269645 | What does adenylyl cyclase do? | Make camp from atp | 56 | |
| 5199269646 | Ways to regulate enzymes | Inhibitors and allosteric | 57 | |
| 5199499649 | Example of cell signaling | Embryonic development to cancer | 58 | |
| 5199499650 | How does yeast use cell signaling | To find a mate between a and alpha | 59 | |
| 5199499651 | Quorum sensing | Bacteria monitor local density of cells | 60 | |
| 5199499652 | Biofilm | Aggregation of bacteria adhered to a service | 61 | |
| 5199499653 | Local signaling | Cell to cell recognition (direct contact) | 62 | |
| 5199499654 | Synaptic signaling | Electrical signal triggers secretion of neurotransmitter caring out a chemical signal | 63 | |
| 5199499655 | How do plants hormones travel | In vessels or diffuse through air as a gas | 64 | |
| 5199499656 | Earle Sutherland | Scientist responsible for understanding chemical signals in epinephrine | 65 | |
| 5199499657 | what does Epinephrine do | Stimulates glycogen breakdown by cytosolic enzyme | 66 | |
| 5199499658 | epinephrine =... | Adrenaline | 67 | |
| 5199499659 | a signal is complementary to... | The size and shape of a specific receptor | 68 | |
| 5199499660 | Most receptors are... | Proteins | 69 | |
| 5199499661 | Logan's are water_______ and too _____ | Soluble Big to pass through membrane freely | 70 | |
| 5199499662 | What percentage of all proteins are cell surface receptors | 30% | 71 | |
| 5199499663 | Three things that depend on G protein coupled receptors | Vision smell and taste | 72 | |
| 5199499664 | Where are the G proteins in the membrane | Cytoplasmic side | 73 | |
| 5199499665 | What does the G stand for in G protein | Guanine | 74 | |
| 5199499666 | When is a G protein in active | When a GDp is bound | 75 | |
| 5199499667 | What does dimerization do | Activates tyrosine kinase of each monomer | 76 | |
| 5199499668 | Where are ion channels located in humans | Nervous system | 77 | |
| 5199499669 | Three hydrophobic chemical messengers | Steroids thyroid nitric acid | 78 | |
| 5199499670 | Multi step the pathways equal | More opportunities for coordination and regulation | 79 | |
| 5199499671 | True/false original signaling molecule enters the cell | False rarely | 80 | |
| 5199499672 | What do you protein phosphate tases do | Catalyze removal of phosphate | 81 | |
| 5199499673 | What amino acids do cytoplasmic kinases have | Serine or threonine | 82 | |
| 5199499674 | Phosphorylation_______. Activity of protein | Decreases | 83 | |
| 5199499675 | ______% of genes are for proteins kinases | 2 | 84 | |
| 5199499676 | Abnormal kinase =... | Abnormal cell growth and cancer | 85 | |
| 5199529868 | Phosphodiesterase | Enzyme that takes cAMP to AMP | 86 | |
| 5199529869 | What does the cholera toxin do | Modifies G Pro Tien to not make GTP into GDP | 87 | |
| 5199529870 | Examples of when calcium ions are used a second messenger | Neurotransmitters, growth factors, and some hormones | 88 | |
| 5199529871 | What to types of pathways are calcium ions second messengers | G protein and RTK | 89 | |
| 5199580078 | Where is calcium concentration low in cell Where is it high | Cytosol compared with outside of cell Outside cell and in ER | 90 | |
| 5199580079 | How does calcium ions get into ER | Protein pumps | 91 | |
| 5199580080 | What stimulates release of calcium from ER | IP sub three | 92 | |
| 5199580081 | What do many responses do | Regulate protein synthesis | 93 | |
| 5199580082 | Some pathways equal cell... What is needed | Division Growth factors and hormones | 94 | |
| 5199580083 | Four ways of fine-tuning | Pathway has amplified signal Response regulated Efficiency enhanced by scaffolding Response terminated | 95 | |
| 5199580084 | Why does amplification have an effect | Because proteins are active long enough to make numerous molecules of substrate before inactive | 96 | |
| 5199580085 | What does scaffolding in brain do | Permanently holds networks of signal and proteins at synapses | 97 | |
| 5199580086 | Two ways to terminate | Reversal binding and fewer binding | 98 |
