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| 18028578 | Hangzhou | Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million | |
| 18028579 | Wendi | Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty | |
| 18028580 | Yangdi | Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618 | |
| 18028581 | Li Yuan | Also known as Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassinatin of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu | |
| 18028582 | Changan | Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million; larger than any other city in the world at the time | |
| 18028583 | Ministry of Rites | Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars | |
| 18028584 | Jinshi | Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office | |
| 18028585 | Pure Land | Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddihism; popular among masses of Chinese society | |
| 18028586 | Chan | Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation of appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society | |
| 18028587 | Zen | Known as Chan in China; stressed meditation of appreciation of natural and artistic beauty | |
| 18028588 | Empress Wu | Tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhism establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state of religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created | |
| 18028589 | Wuzong | Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian idealology | |
| 18028590 | Xuanzong | Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion | |
| 18028591 | Yang Guifei | Royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt | |
| 18028592 | Zhao Kuangyin | (r. 960-976) Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following the fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent | |
| 18028593 | Liao Dynasty | Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song Dynasty in China | |
| 18028594 | Khitan | Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century | |
| 18028595 | Zhu Xi | (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action | |
| 18028596 | Neo-Confucians | Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences/ | |
| 18028597 | Tangut | Rulers of Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China; one of regional kingdoms during period of southern song; conquered by Mongols in 1226 | |
| 18028598 | Xi Xia | Kingdom of Tangut people, north of Song kingdom, in mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry | |
| 18028599 | Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and cheif minister of Song empire in 1070s; introduced sweepin reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society | |
| 18028600 | Jurchens | Founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south | |
| 18028601 | Jin | Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty; ended 1234 | |
| 18028602 | Southern Song | Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of much larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Song; culturally one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history | |
| 18028603 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | |
| 18028604 | Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency | |
| 18028605 | Footbinding | Practice in Chinese societyto mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to household | |
| 18028606 | Li Bo | Most famous poet of the Tang Era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings |
