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| 114555748 | gunpowder | an explosive mixture invented by the Chinese. | 0 | |
| 114555749 | Li Yuan, Duke of Tang | (566-635) minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu. | 1 | |
| 114555750 | Chan Buddhism | Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society. | 2 | |
| 114555751 | Yang Guifei | (719-756) Royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt. | 3 | |
| 114555752 | Zhu Xi | (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action. | 4 | |
| 114555753 | Wendi | (541-604) Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic people of northern China; established Sui dynasty. | 5 | |
| 114555754 | Empress Wu | Tang ruler 690- 705 CE in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created. | 6 | |
| 114555755 | Lio Dynasty | Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China. | 7 | |
| 114555756 | Khitan | Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century. | 8 | |
| 114555757 | Grand Canal | Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long. | 9 | |
| 114555758 | jin | Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty; ended 1234. | 10 | |
| 114555759 | Southern Song | Rump state of Song dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of much larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Song; culturally one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history. | 11 | |
| 114555760 | Li Bo | (701-762) most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. | 12 | |
| 114555761 | Ministry of Public Rites | Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars. | 13 | |
| 114555762 | Pure Land Buddhism | Emphasized Salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society. | 14 | |
| 114555763 | Xuanzong | Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion. | 15 | |
| 114555764 | Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society. | 16 | |
| 114555765 | Yangdi | Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618. | 17 | |
| 114555766 | jinshi | Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office. | 18 | |
| 114555767 | Wuzong | Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840's; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology. | 19 | |
| 114555768 | Zhao Kuangyin | (r. 960-976) Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. | 20 | |
| 114555769 | Jurchens | Founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south. | 21 | |
| 114555770 | sinified | Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam. | 22 | |
| 114555771 | Neo-Confucians | Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences. | 23 | |
| 114555772 | junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula. | 24 | |
| 114555773 | flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency. | 25 | |
| 114555774 | Hangzhou | Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million. | 26 | |
| 114555775 | footbinding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. | 27 |
