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| 311351555 | Genghis Khan (Temujin) | A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries who conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia. | 0 | |
| 311351556 | khan | title given to Mongol leaders, meaning "supreme ruler" | 1 | |
| 311351557 | Mongols | After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 2 | |
| 311351558 | nomadism | A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. | 3 | |
| 311351559 | steppe | Treeless plains that are good for nomads, their herds, and breeding horses; they are essential to the Mongol military. | 4 | |
| 311351560 | iron | used in bridles, stirrups, wagons, and weapons; crucial to Central Asian nomads | 5 | |
| 311351561 | bubonic plague | A bacterial disease from fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; caused high mortality and death rates | 6 | |
| 311351562 | Il-Khan | A "secondary" or "peripheral" khan based in Persia. | 7 | |
| 311351563 | Golden Horde | founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu; based in southern Russia; adopted both the Turkic language and Islam; also known as the Kipchak Khanate | 8 | |
| 311351564 | Mongol bow | the primary weapon of the Mongol forces | 9 | |
| 311351565 | Juvaini | Il-Khan intellectual that recorded the first history of the Mongols | 10 | |
| 311351566 | Rashid al-Din | adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice | 11 | |
| 311351567 | tax farming | A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. | 12 | |
| 311351568 | Ibn Kaldun | Muslim writer; he wrote the muqaddimah, which traced the history of the Muslim world | 13 | |
| 311351569 | Nasir al-Din Tusi | provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system | 14 | |
| 311351570 | Arabic numerals | numbers introduced to Europeans by Arabic mathematicians | 15 | |
| 311351571 | Alexander Nevski | He submitted to invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. | 16 | |
| 311351572 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from Asia Minor during the 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world | 17 | |
| 311351573 | Mamluks | Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. They eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. | 18 | |
| 311351574 | Khanate of Jagadai | ... | 19 | |
| 311351575 | Timur | challenged the control of Il-khan and the Golden Horde from a base in Central Asia | 20 |
