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| 5813690077 | Magellan | Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim the Philippines | 0 | |
| 5813692406 | Columbus | Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in America | 1 | |
| 5813696170 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe | 2 | |
| 5813702443 | de Balboa | First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by either captains | 3 | |
| 5813705530 | Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish | 4 | |
| 5813708881 | Seven Years War | Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria; English seizures of colonies in India and North America | 5 | |
| 5813715590 | Black Hale of Calcutta | Headquarters of British East India company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal | 6 | |
| 5813722122 | de Gama | Portuguese sailor who mistakenly believed that the Indians were Christians, for they thought the Hindu temples were churches | 7 | |
| 5813736966 | Columbian Exchange | Exchange that brought and spread diseases such as smallpox and measles | 8 | |
| 5813738339 | Prince Henry | Navigator who financed annual expeditions down the western coast of Africa in an effort to find a sea route to the Indies, establish trade with Africa, and find the fabled Christian kingdom of Prester John | 9 | |
| 5813747521 | Humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages | 10 | |
| 5813755244 | Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets | 11 | |
| 5813758150 | Luther | German monk; initiated protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg Church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church | 12 | |
| 5813766308 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief | 13 | |
| 5813769923 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs | 14 | |
| 5813774157 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 15 | |
| 5813777701 | Proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries | 16 | |
| 5813784388 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe | 17 | |
| 5813789186 | Galileo | Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic Church for his work | 18 | |
| 5813792907 | Newton | English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity | 19 | |
| 5813797346 | Absolute Monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professional armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies | 20 | |
| 5813803291 | Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy | 21 | |
| 5813805179 | Parliamentary Monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | 22 | |
| 5813817626 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economies; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces | 23 | |
| 5813820486 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior | 24 |
