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| 5481753023 | Protestant Reformation | • Europe, 16th century -Christian reform movement led by Martin Luther that challenged the religious and political authority of the Catholic church • Kings questioned Church's political authority, altering political landscape of Europe • Created a lasting schism between Catholics and Protestants (such as Thirty Years' War) • Reformation provoked Catholic counter-reformation | 0 | |
| 5481753024 | Thirty Years' War | Europe, 1618-1648 -War between Catholics and Protestants that ended Catholic unity in Europe • Clear example of extent of divisions within the Christian world • State rivalry hindered efforts at state expansion • Shows that the lack of unity among European states was often a liability to the expansion and power of those states | 1 | |
| 5481754481 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | Europe, mid-16th century •Reform movement in the Catholic church that reaffirmed basic Catholic principles • Caused Church to correct some abuses that led to Reformation • Catholic Church reaffirmed religious doctrine that Protestants rejected, setting up schism between the two versions of the faith • Created the influential Jesuit missionary order | 2 | |
| 5481755629 | Jesuits in China | China, 16th-17th centuries •Catholics who led the missionary effort in China • Strategy of conversion shows strength of China compared with the Americas • Relatively few conversions- little impact on Chinese religious life • Shows importance of knowledge of science and technology- gave Jesuits favor in Chinese court | 3 | |
| 5481755630 | Wahhabi Islam | •Conservative Islamic reform movement that sought to return believers to basic principles of the faith • Compare to debates within world of Christianity • Led to increased centralization of Arabian peninsula (under Muhammad Ibn Saud) • Creation of state of Saudi Arabia | 4 | |
| 5481758391 | Neo-Confucianism | East Asia (China), 14th-17th centuries •Chinese philosophy that blended Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism • Attempt at Ming dynasty rulers to reassert traditional Chinese values • Saw some resistance from thinkers who objected to the inflexibility of Confucian thought | 5 | |
| 5481759171 | Kaozheng | East Asia (China), early 17th century • Reform movement that rejected traditional Confucianism, emphasizing research and factual knowledge • Compare to European Enlightenment • Evidence and reason provide answers • Mainly influenced elites of China | 6 | |
| 5481759172 | Sikhism | South Asia (India), beginning late 15th century •New Indian religious tradition that sought to combine Islam and Hinduism in a single belief system • Challenged Hindu caste system • Challenge to authority of both Hindu and Muslim religious and political structures • Military skills valued by British upon takeover of India in late 18th century | 7 | |
| 5481760021 | Scientific Revolution | Europe, mid-16th - 18th centuries • European scientific movement that emphasized experimentation and reason • Challenged teachings of Catholic church and authority of political rulers in Europe • Formed the basis of modern philosophy in many parts of the world, especially the west | 8 | |
| 5481760022 | Isaac Newton | Europe (England), late 17th century • Scientist and mathematician who formulated modern laws of motion and mechanics • "Mechanistic" view of universe changed European philosophy • Created unifying theory of gravitation, explaining much in the world that had been explained by faith • Embodied the changes of the Scientific Revolution | 9 | |
| 5481760770 | European Enlightment | Europe, 18th century •Political movement that extended the ideas of the Scientific Revolution, applying them to human society • Challenged authority of divine right kings • Would inspire political revolutions beginning in late 18th century (America, France, Haiti, Americas) | 10 | |
| 5481760771 | Voltaire | Europe (France), 18th century • French philosopher who challenged authoritarian thinking-belief in deism as explanation for role of God. • Saw Confucianism as a superior social organization-rejected aristocratic, hereditary political structures of European monarchies. • Influenced revolutionaries in France and America to overthrow political rulers. | 11 |
