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| 42659492 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472) | 0 | |
| 42659493 | Council of the Indies | The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilites. | 1 | |
| 42659494 | Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476 | 2 | |
| 42659495 | Potosi | Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479) | 3 | |
| 42659496 | Encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479) | 4 | |
| 42659497 | Creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482) | 5 | |
| 42659498 | Mestizo | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484) | 6 | |
| 42659499 | Mulatto | The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484) | 7 | |
| 42659500 | Indentured Servant | A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486) | 8 | |
| 42659501 | House of Burgesses | Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486) | 9 | |
| 42659502 | Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487) | 10 | |
| 42659503 | Puritans | English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. (p. 487) | 11 | |
| 42659504 | Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488) | 12 | |
| 42659505 | New France | French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489) | 13 | |
| 42659506 | Coureurs de bois | (runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489) | 14 | |
| 42659507 | Tupac Amaru II | Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. | 15 | |
| 42659508 | Atlantic System | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497) | 16 | |
| 42659509 | Chartered Companies | Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly of trade in the West Indies colonies. | 17 | |
| 42659510 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498) | 18 | |
| 42659511 | Plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502) | 19 | |
| 42659512 | Driver | A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503) | 20 | |
| 42659513 | Seasoning | An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504) | 21 | |
| 42659514 | Manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505) | 22 | |
| 42659515 | Maroon | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505) | 23 | |
| 42659516 | Capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. (506) | 24 | |
| 42659517 | Mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country 506 | 25 | |
| 42659518 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507) | 26 | |
| 42659519 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 27 | |
| 42659520 | Middle Passage | The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. | 28 | |
| 42659521 | Songhai | A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. | 29 | |
| 42659522 | Hausa | An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Calipphate conquered them in the early nineteenth century. | 30 | |
| 42659523 | Bornu | A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. | 31 |
