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| 18495510 | Humanism | Focus on human kind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages | 0 | |
| 18495511 | Scientific Revolution | Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages | 1 | |
| 18495512 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1535; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | 2 | |
| 18495513 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation; established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs | 3 | |
| 18502910 | Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants | 4 | |
| 18502911 | Gutenberg | Introduced movable printing press to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets | 5 | |
| 18502912 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scienific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior | 6 | |
| 18502913 | Jesuits | A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American and Asia | 7 | |
| 18502914 | Parliamentary Monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | 8 | |
| 18502915 | Proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe , product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries | 9 | |
| 18502916 | Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new politcal rights should extend to women | 10 | |
| 18502917 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe | 11 | |
| 18502918 | Descartes | Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature | 12 | |
| 18502919 | Witchcraft Persecution | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590-1650; particularly common in Protestant areas | 13 | |
| 18502920 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king | 14 | |
| 18502921 | Martin Luther | German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 these to the door of Wittenber church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepeted state control of church | 15 | |
| 18502922 | European-style Family | Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family and a large minority who never married | 16 | |
| 18502923 | Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy | 17 | |
| 18502924 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640-1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers if the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 18 | |
| 18502925 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance (1450); centered oin Frnace, Low Countries, England and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance | 19 | |
| 18502926 | Edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions | 20 | |
| 18502927 | Deism | Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divitiy was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun | 21 | |
| 18502928 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regualtion of economy in favor of the operation of market forces | 22 | |
| 18502929 | Absolute Monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies | 23 | |
| 18502930 | Harvey | English physician who demonstrated circular movemen of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump | 24 | |
| 18502931 | Ferderick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; introduced freedom of religion; increased sate control of economy | 25 | |
| 18502932 | Machiavelli | Emphasized realistic discussion of how seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance | 26 | |
| 18502933 | Francis I | King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor | 27 | |
| 18502934 | Galileo | Published Copernicus findings; added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work | 28 | |
| 18502935 | Newton | English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity | 29 | |
| 18502936 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thiry Years War in 1648; granted right to inividual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion either Protestant or Catholic | 30 | |
| 18502937 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his his ally Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 31 | |
| 18502938 | Protestantism | General wave of religious against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luthers attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief | 32 | |
| 18502939 | Calvin | French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encourgaed ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | 33 |
