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| 5813838124 | Peter the Great | Son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changed selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models | 0 | |
| 5813843524 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry | 1 | |
| 5813858747 | Pugachev Rebellion | During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate law; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 2 | |
| 5813861032 | Westernization | When societies and regions are transformed through means of influence from the western societies | 3 | |
| 5813863441 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Monarchs of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; their marriage created united Spain; responsible for conquest of Granada; initiation of exploration of New World | 4 | |
| 5813867279 | Encomienda | Grants of India laborers made the Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies | 5 | |
| 5813872384 | de las Casas | Dominican frior who supported peaceful conversation of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated for Indian rights | 6 | |
| 5813876868 | Cortes | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan | 7 | |
| 5813882075 | Moctezuma II | Lost independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan | 8 | |
| 5813884577 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs | 9 | |
| 5813888623 | Mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control | 10 | |
| 5813893097 | Haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power for local aristocracy | 11 | |
| 5813896357 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion | 12 | |
| 5813901871 | Viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king | 13 | |
| 5813904603 | Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 14 | |
| 5813906788 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares | 15 | |
| 5813910930 | Peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain | 16 |
