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| 12372391034 | Ivan III (The Great) | Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar - equivalent of emperor. | 0 | |
| 12372427456 | Third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453. | 1 | |
| 12372453706 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 2 | |
| 12372562444 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 3 | |
| 12372582744 | Romonov Dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time Of Troubles; Ruled Russia until 1917 | 4 | |
| 12372643382 | Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov tsar (1645-1676); abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church. | 5 | |
| 12372703498 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 6 | |
| 12372717351 | Peter I (the Great) | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 7 | |
| 12372728887 | St. Petersburg | capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703 | 8 | |
| 12372746155 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. | 9 | |
| 12372759214 | Partition of Poland | Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. | 10 | |
| 12372780355 | Pugachev Rebellion | During 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 11 | |
| 12372792947 | Westernization | An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries. | 12 |
