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| 19567589 | Ivan III (The Great) | prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar--equivalent of emperor | 0 | |
| 19567590 | Third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthosox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453. | 1 | |
| 19567591 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 2 | |
| 19567592 | Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe. | 3 | |
| 19567593 | Cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. | 4 | |
| 19567594 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 5 | |
| 19567595 | Romanov dynasty | dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917. | 6 | |
| 19567596 | Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church. | 7 | |
| 19567597 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 8 | |
| 19567598 | Peter I (the Great) | son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689-1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 9 | |
| 19567599 | St. Petersburg | . | 10 | |
| 19567600 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. | 11 | |
| 19567601 | Partition of Poland | division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. | 12 | |
| 19567602 | Obrok | . | 13 | |
| 19567603 | Pugachev rebellion | during 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. | 14 |
