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| 49957715 | Ivan III (the great) | prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar-equivalent of emperor | 49957715 | |
| 49957716 | Ivan IV (the terrible) | confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with Western European commerce and culture | 49957716 | |
| 49957717 | Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe | 49957717 | |
| 49957718 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917 | 49957718 | |
| 49957719 | Peter I (the great) | son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models | 49957719 | |
| 49957720 | Partitions of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in Eastern Europe | 49957720 | |
| 49957721 | Third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453 | 49957721 | |
| 49957722 | Cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements | 49957722 | |
| 49957723 | Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church | 49957723 | |
| 49957724 | St. Petersburg | New capital of Russia established during the reign of Peter the Great. | 49957724 | |
| 49957725 | Obrok | Labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century | 49957725 | |
| 49957726 | Radishev | Name the radical who urged the abolition of serfdom during the reign of Catherine the Great. | 49957726 | |
| 49957727 | Time of Troubles | Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 49957727 | |
| 49957728 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization | 49957728 | |
| 49957729 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry | 49957729 | |
| 49957730 | Pugachev Rebellion | During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 49957730 |
