Terms : Hide Images
| 20015683 | Ferdinand of Aragon | monarch of largest CHristian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World | 0 | |
| 20015684 | Isabella of Castile | monarch of largest CHristian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World | 1 | |
| 20015685 | Encomiendas | grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. | 2 | |
| 20015686 | Hispaniola | first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 3 | |
| 20015687 | Bartolome' de las Casas | . | 4 | |
| 20015688 | Hernan Cortes | led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conqueror responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan. | 5 | |
| 20015689 | Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes' conquest of Tenochtitlan. | 6 | |
| 20015690 | Francisco Vazquez de Coronado | leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold. | 7 | |
| 20015691 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541. | 8 | |
| 20015692 | Mita | labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. | 9 | |
| 20015693 | Potosi | mine located in upper Peru; largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver. | 10 | |
| 20015694 | Huancavelica | location of greatest deposite of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi. | 11 | |
| 20015695 | Haciendas | rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. | 12 | |
| 20015696 | Casa de la Contratacion | . | 13 | |
| 20015697 | Consulado | merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return. | 14 | |
| 20015698 | Treaty of Tordesillas | signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession on New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain. | 15 | |
| 20015699 | Recopilacion | body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions on New Worls; basis of law in the Indies. | 16 | |
| 20015700 | Council of the Indies | body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World. | 17 | |
| 20015701 | Letrados | university-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions. | 18 | |
| 20015702 | Viceroyalties | two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other based in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king. | 19 | |
| 20015703 | Audiencia | royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates. | 20 | |
| 20015704 | Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz | . | 21 | |
| 20015705 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil. | 22 | |
| 20015706 | Captaincies | strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for developement; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony. | 23 | |
| 20015707 | Paulistas | backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century. | 24 | |
| 20015708 | Minas Gerais | region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush. | 25 | |
| 20015709 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763. | 26 | |
| 20015710 | Sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle. | 27 | |
| 20015711 | Peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain. | 28 | |
| 20015712 | Creoles | whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares. | 29 | |
| 20015713 | Amigos del pais | clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform. | 30 | |
| 20015714 | War of Spanish Succession | resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French. | 31 | |
| 20015715 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. | 32 | |
| 20015716 | Commercio libre | . | 33 | |
| 20015717 | Jose de Galvez | Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government. | 34 | |
| 20015718 | Marquis of Pombal | prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 35 | |
| 20015719 | Comunero Revolt | one of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels. | 36 | |
| 20015720 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 37 | |
| 20015721 | Francisco Pizarro | led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish. | 38 |
