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| 265162967 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille | Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of the new world | 0 | |
| 265162968 | Encomiendas | Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance. | 1 | |
| 265162969 | hispaniola | First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage. | 2 | |
| 265162970 | Bartolome de las casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. | 3 | |
| 265162971 | hernan cortes | Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire and established spanish colonial rule | 4 | |
| 265162972 | moctezuma ii | Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conquest. | 5 | |
| 265162973 | mexico city | Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. | 6 | |
| 265162974 | new spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. | 7 | |
| 265162975 | francisco vacquez de coronado | led Spanish expedition into sounthwestern US n search of gold | 8 | |
| 265162976 | pedro de valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541 | 9 | |
| 265162977 | mita | Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. | 10 | |
| 265162978 | colombian exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds | 11 | |
| 265162979 | potosi | Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. | 12 | |
| 265162980 | huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production | 13 | |
| 265162981 | haciendas | Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. | 14 | |
| 265162982 | consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to American and handled much of the silver received in return. | 15 | |
| 265162983 | galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion. | 16 | |
| 265162984 | treaty of tordesillas | Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. | 17 | |
| 265162985 | recopilacion | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies. | 18 | |
| 265162986 | council of the indies | spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the new wordl colonies | 19 | |
| 265162987 | letrados | university-trained lawyers from spain; basic personnel of the spanish colonial bureaucratic system | 20 | |
| 265162988 | viceroyalties | Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. | 21 | |
| 265162989 | audiencia | royal court of appeals established in spanish colonies of New World,; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws. | 22 | |
| 265162990 | sor juana ines de la cruz | 17th century Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual manners | 23 | |
| 265162991 | pedro alvares cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 24 | |
| 265162992 | captaincies | areas along the breazilian coast granted to portugese nobles for colonial development | 25 | |
| 265162993 | paulistas | Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century. | 26 | |
| 265162994 | minas gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. | 27 | |
| 265162995 | rio de janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763. | 28 | |
| 265162996 | sociedad de castas | Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. | 29 | |
| 265162997 | peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. | 30 | |
| 265162998 | creoles | People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. | 31 | |
| 265162999 | amigos de pais | clubs and associations dedicated to reform in spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform | 32 | |
| 265163000 | war of the spanish succession | (1702-1712); wide ranging war fought between European nations; resulted in the installation of Philip of Anjou as king of Spain | 33 | |
| 265163001 | charles iii | Spanish enlightened monarch, ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its Empire | 34 | |
| 265163002 | jose de galvez | Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminated Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants from local government. | 35 | |
| 265163003 | marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 36 | |
| 265163004 | comunero revolt | a popular revolt against spanish rule in new granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels | 37 | |
| 265163005 | tupac amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 38 |
