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chapter 1 child psychology Flashcards

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15104919657why study child developmentraising children, making social policy, understanding human nature0
151049411627 enduring themesnature v nurture, the active child, continuity/discontinuity, mechanisms of change, sociocultural context, individual differences, and research and children's welfare1
15104975212naturebiological, genome, hereditary, broad characteristics, specific preferences2
15104985073nurtureenvironments, physical and social3
15105002666nature and nurturegenetics influence behavior, behaviors/ experiences influence genetics, bidirectional effects4
15105020685epigeneticmodification of gene expression not the alteration of the genetic code5
15105053293the active childchildren shape their own development: attention, language, play, chosen environments, friends, and activities6
15105072851continuitysmall increments of change with age (skill by skill, task by task)7
15105083474discontinuitychange with age occurs in large shifts8
15105097806stage theoriesPiaget, Freud, Erickson, Kohlberg9
15105127613continuity-discontinuitydepending on how you look and how often you look at the data (example heigh and amount of growth)10
15105144886mechanisms of changegenes and environment, continuous and discontinuous, brain structures and chemicals, cognitive processes and experiments11
15105192010Sociocultural contextpeople, physical environment, institutions, general characteristics of society12
15105207813cross cultural comparisonsco-sleeping and early child care13
15105216121within culture differencesrace, ethnicity, socialeconomic status14
15105228725individual differencesdifferent genetics, treatments by parents and others, reactions to similar experiences, and choices of environment15
15105260215scientific methodchoose question, form hypothesis, test hypothesis, and use data to draw a conclusion16
15105278677reliabilityconsistency of a measure (consistent)17
15105287121validitymeasure what is intended? (accurate)18
15105295185interrater reliabilitybetween different raters, same behavior19
15105304586test-related reliabilitysame child, different occasions20
15105313733internal validitywishing the experiment21
15105318057external validitygeneralizability22
15105338265report-based measuresinterviews and questionnaires (there are problems with self-reporting)23
15105342903observation-basednaturalistic and structured24
15105352845performance-basedacademic skills and reaction time VERY STRUCTURED25
15105371864naturalistic observationunobtrusive, environment is not controlled by researcher, occasional behaviors26
15105380370structured observationsidentical situation and potential for bias27
15105412478correlational designsassociation between two variables range from (positive correlation) 1.00 to -1.00 (negative correlation) CORRELATION DOES NOT = CAUSATION28
15105441297third variable problemone thing could cause two events29
15105460087direction-of-causation problemdon't know what is causing the other event30
15105494955experimental designrandom assignment, experimental control, independent and dependent variables31
15105512312cross sectional designsdifferent participants of various ages32
15105526640longitudinal designssame participant is studied33
15105548218cross sectional advantages and disadvantagesadvantages: efficient, less money, less likely to drop out disadvantages: can't study individual; development, cohort effects34
15105573115longitudinal advantages and disadvantagesadvantages: studies individual differences disadvantages: participant may drop out, expensive, practice effects, and cohort effects35

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