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| 114611818 | hunting and gathering | used as a means for food; popular until 9000 BCE; helped propel migration over most of the lands on earth | 0 | |
| 114611819 | Paleolithic/Old Stone Age | ending in 12,000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 1 | |
| 114611820 | Neolithic/New Stone Age | between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaption of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 2 | |
| 114611821 | prehistory | Stone Ages; discoveries during this time are still essential to human life ex: fire, tools | 3 | |
| 114611822 | metalworking | discovery of metal tools 4000 BCE; process of making tools and weapons from metal | 4 | |
| 114611823 | Neolithic Revolution | The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 BCE | 5 | |
| 114611824 | culture | systems of belief that helped explain the environment and set up rules for various kinds of social behavior | 6 | |
| 114611825 | Catal Huyuk | Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification | 7 | |
| 114611826 | bands | a level of social organization normally consisting of 20-30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis | 8 | |
| 114611827 | Bronze Age | From about 4000 BCE, when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 BCE, when iron began to replace it | 9 | |
| 114611828 | Civilization | societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 10 | |
| 114611829 | slash and burn | a system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted | 11 | |
| 114611830 | nomads | cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | 12 | |
| 114611831 | Homo sapiens | the humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period | 13 | |
| 114611832 | river-valley civilizations | civilizations that formed near rivers around 3500 BCE in the Middle East, Egypt, northwestern China, and northwestern India | 14 | |
| 114611833 | Tigris-Euphrates civilization | first civilization; formed along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia; started completely from scratch with no influence from any other civilization; invented the wheel, were skilled in metalworking, farming, pottery and artistic forms | 15 | |
| 114611834 | Sumerians | people who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states | 16 | |
| 114611835 | domestication | taming pigs, sheep, goats, cattle and the like and raising them to later be used for meat, skins, and milk | 17 | |
| 114611836 | Egyptian civilization | formed by 3000 BCE along the Nile River; influenced by Mesopotamia's trade and technology; had a pharaoh and stayed a unified state for most of its history | 18 | |
| 114611837 | Indian River civilization | a civilization that developed on the Indus River and had trading contacts with Mesopotamia and developed their own alphabet and artistic forms; Indo-European migrants combined their religious and political ideas with those of these early cities | 19 | |
| 114611838 | Chinese River Valley civilization | formed along the Huanghe River; organized state; regulated irrigation; produced advanced technology and an elaborate intellectual life; learned to ride horses, were skilled in pottery, used bronze, iron, and coal and produced writing using ideographic symbols | 20 | |
| 114611839 | Shang Dynasty | First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE | 21 | |
| 114611840 | Jews | a Semitic people influenced by Babylonian civilization; settled near the Mediterranean 1200 BCE; gave the world the first clearly developed monotheistic religion | 22 | |
| 114611841 | cultural diffusion | the way a trait, object, idea, or behavior pattern is spread from one society to another | 23 | |
| 114611842 | cuneiform | a form of writing developed by Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 24 | |
| 114611843 | Mesopotamia | literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys | 25 | |
| 114611844 | ziggurats | massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes | 26 | |
| 114611845 | city-states | a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | 27 | |
| 114611846 | Babylonians | extended their empire and helped bring civilization to other parts of the Middle east; conquered the Akkadians | 28 | |
| 114611847 | Hammurabi | (r. 1792- 1750 BCE) the most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for codification of law | 29 | |
| 114611848 | pharaoh | the king of Egyptian civilization who held much power | 30 | |
| 114611849 | pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs | 31 | |
| 114611850 | Kush | an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 32 | |
| 114611851 | Harappa | along with Mohenjodara, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 33 | |
| 114611852 | Mohenjo-Daro | along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harrappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 34 | |
| 114611853 | Huang He | river in China that a civilization flourished in relative isolation and later flowed into the Chinese civilization that followed it | 35 | |
| 114611854 | ideographic symbols | Chinese writing that progressed from scratches of lines on bone | 36 | |
| 114611855 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean | 37 | |
| 114611856 | monotheism | the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization | 38 |
