7145170898 | Define communism. | Communism is a political ideology that (a) seeks to create a classless society, largely devoid of private property, and (b) seeks to create that society through uncompromising revolution. | 0 | |
7145175472 | What were the two largest communist regimes of the 20th century? | Soviet Union and China | 1 | |
7145187725 | What was the name of the alliance between the USSR and other communist E. European governments? | Warsaw Pact | 2 | |
7145190285 | In what ways did the Communist revolutions resemble the French Revolution? | The idea that human action could lead to the construction of new and better world.s. | 3 | |
7145193724 | What year did the Russian Revolution occur? | 1917 | 4 | |
7145196812 | What likely caused the Russian Revolution? | WW1 caused major food shortages in Russia, and the lower classes blamed the elites for these shortages. | 5 | |
7145200198 | What was the major political change caused by the food shortages? | Tsar Nicholas II was forced to give up his throne. | 6 | |
7145209916 | What major social upheavals occurred after Tsar Nicholas gave up his title? | Trade unions rose, and workers seized control of the factories. Peasants seized landlords estates and claimed the land for their own. | 7 | |
7145214669 | Which political group gained in popularity during the post-Tsar Nicholas era? | The Bolsheviks | 8 | |
7145215210 | Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks? | Lenin | 9 | |
7145240039 | Who did the Bolsheviks largely appeal to? | Workers in the cities | 10 | |
7145223260 | What were the core political messages of the Bolsheviks? | Worker control of factories, end to WW1, land for the peasants | 11 | |
7145230753 | How did the USSR change E. Europe post-WW2 and WHY? | The Russians imposed communism on E.. European countries from the outside, largely because they wanted friendly governments in the region. | 12 | |
7145235581 | When did Communism triumph in China? | 1949 | 13 | |
7145236796 | Who was the leader of Communism in China? | Mao Zedong | 14 | |
7145240992 | Who did the Chinese Communist Party largely appeal to? | Chinese agricultural peasants. | 15 | |
7145242668 | How did the CCP recruit women? | The CCP appealed to women by creating measures of near equality: no arranged marriages, easier divorce, women's voting, and property rights. HOWEVER, opposition to these measures lead them to ultimately fail. | 16 | |
7148231551 | What led to an explosion in the size of the CCP? | The Japanese invasion of China --- many Chinese were impressed by the ability of the CCP to wage guerilla warfare against the invaders. | 17 | |
7148233589 | How did the CCP treat peasants? | The CCP wanted to attract peasants, and so they reduced their rent, taxes, and also established literacy programs for adults. | 18 | |
7148238636 | What did "building socialism" mean to China and the Soviet Union? | They wanted to modernize and industrialize their societies, but they wanted to do it in a classless way that prevented new inequalities. | 19 | |
7148241511 | In what ways were the new Communist governments totalitarian? | Other political parties were forbidden; the state controlled the economy; and the government controlled media and arts in order to conform the people to a certain way of thinking. | 20 | |
7148250144 | How did the Soviet Union affect women's role in society? | The Soviets gave women full political equality including marriage and divorce rights, and women were actively mobilized as workers. | 21 | |
7148252408 | What was Zhenotdel? | A Soviet organization that pushed a decidedly feminist agenda onto the USSR. | 22 | |
7148254035 | How did Communist China affect womens role in society? | The Marriage Law of 1950 decreed free choice in marriage, divorce rights, and equal property rights. Additionally, women became much more involved outside of the household, especially in agricultural labor. | 23 | |
7148262476 | How did Communist China and the USSR deal with the problem of unequal land distribution? | In both Communist Russia and the USSR, land was taken from the landholders and distributed to the peasants in the form of private property. | 24 | |
7148265742 | Was the redistribution of land always a peaceful process? | No -- in China, around 1 to 2 million landlords were killed by peasants who took the land. | 25 | |
7148268352 | What was the collectivization of agriculture? | Peasants worked on communal farms and shared the harvests. | 26 | |
7148270413 | How did the collectivization of agriculture differ between the USSR and China? | In China, the collectivization of agriculture was largely a peaceful process; however, in the Soviet Union, violence was extensive and many peasants were killed. | 27 | |
7148275299 | What were the major features of Communist-led planned economies? | (A) State ownership of property; (B) Centralized planning (C) Priority given to heavy industries, (D) massive mobilization of human resources. | 28 | |
7148278427 | What were the benefits of Communist-led planned economies? | Massive economic growth, rising literacy rates and educational opportunities, and rapid urbanization. | 29 | |
7148284830 | Did the USSR remain entirely classless? | Not at all. A group of state and party leaders emerged as the rulers of the country and their power was largely unchecked. | 30 | |
7148288203 | What was the Great Leap Forward of 1958-1960? | Mao Zedong's attempt to promote industrialization in rural areas as opposed to just in the cities -- it's goal was to spread knowledge to all rather than just an elite few. | 31 | |
7148296127 | Who were the perceived enemies of the Communist Chinese and USSR? | Ultimately, these societies attacked themselves from within. People who were seen as corrupted by capitalist ideas were often viewed as the enemy. | 32 | |
7148299506 | What were the Great Purges? | In the USSR, millions of people who were accused of corrupting connections were arrested and then sentenced to death or to the gulag. | 33 | |
7148301557 | Who were the Red Guards? | The Red Guards were a group made of of millions of young Chinese people who attacked the Communist party, which they viewed as corrupted. | 34 | |
7148305176 | Which country became the international enemy of the USSR? | The United States | 35 | |
7148308948 | What was the name of the "war" fought between the USA and the USSR? | The Cold War | 36 | |
7148309686 | Where was the initial battleground of the Cold War? | In Eastern Europe. The border became known as the "Iron Curtain." However, no shots were actually fired in this dispute. | 37 | |
7148310869 | Where did the Cold War get much hotter? | Insider of Korea and Vietnam; both places had USA intervention to try and prevent them from becoming Communist. | 38 | |
7148315174 | What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? | The USSR sent nuclear warheads to Cuba, which led to a very tense encounter between the nations. | 39 | |
7148319389 | What "arms" were both the USSR and the USA racing to acquire? | Both were racing to acquire nuclear missiles, and the number of the weapons exploded. | 40 | |
7148324107 | In what ways did the United States play a global role after WW2? | The USA sent its soldiers across the world, joined many major international organizations, and created intense alliances with nearly 100 nations. | 41 | |
7148326597 | What was the most productive economy post-WW2? | USA | 42 | |
7148327490 | What new type of economic organization rose in the post-WW2 years? | Huge multinational corporations such as General Motors, Ford, and General Electric sold products in many countries. | 43 | |
7148349574 | What were the core major steps towards the fall of Global Communism? | 1. Mao Zedong dies, and the CCP abandons its principles. 2. Popular uprisings occur in E. Europe, which eliminates Communist governments. 3. The Soviet Union politically disintegrates in 1991. | 44 | |
7148353244 | What explains the rapid end of the communist era? | 1. The Communist economies stagnated and never caught up with the capitalists. 2. The nearly genocidal actions of the gulag and the Cultural Revolution discredited the morality of Communist leaders. | 45 | |
7148357089 | What economic reforms led to more freedom in Communist China | 1. Collectivized farms were replaced with small-scale agriculture. 2. Government managers of industry were encouraged to act like private business owners. 3. China opened itself up to foreign investment. | 46 | |
7148397982 | What was the name of the Chinese ruler who led the economic reforms in China? | Deng Xiaoping | 47 | |
7148364101 | What was the policy of Glasnost? | A USSR policy that permitted a wide range of intellectual and culture freedoms -- led to the wide exposure of poverty in the USSR. | 48 | |
7148384333 | What was the policy of perestroika? | The economic program that freed state enterprises from the heavy hand of the government. | 49 | |
7148385676 | What were the external factors that led to the fall of the USSR? | Over-expenditure on weapons in the Cold War and the War in Afghanistan | 50 | |
7148389680 | What internal factors led to the fall of the USSR? | Perestroika and Glasnost | 51 | |
7148392153 | How did Gorbachev deal with protesters in the USSR? | He actively refused to crush them, which was a signficant difference between him and the Chiense. | 52 |
Chapter 21 -- Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict Flashcards
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