Terms : Hide Images
| 308443200 | population revolution | huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization. | 0 | |
| 308443201 | protoindustrialization | preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or parttime producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. | 1 | |
| 308443202 | American Revolution | rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States. | 2 | |
| 308443203 | French Revolution | overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. | 3 | |
| 308443204 | Louis XVI | Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. | 4 | |
| 308443205 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements. | 5 | |
| 308443206 | guillotine | introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror. | 6 | |
| 308443207 | Maximilien Robespierre | leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries. | 7 | |
| 308443208 | Napoleon Bonaparte | army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815. | 8 | |
| 308443209 | Congress of Vienna | met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power. | 9 | |
| 308443210 | liberalism | political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. | 10 | |
| 308443211 | radicals | followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes. | 11 | |
| 308443212 | socialism | political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class. | 12 | |
| 308443213 | nationalism | European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins. | 13 | |
| 308443214 | Greek revolution | rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire. | 14 | |
| 308443215 | French Revolution of 1830 | second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. | 15 | |
| 308443216 | Belgian Revolution of 1830 | produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy. | 16 | |
| 308443217 | Reform Bill of 1832 | British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class. | 17 | |
| 308443218 | James Watt | devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution. | 18 | |
| 308443219 | factory system | intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline. | 19 | |
| 308443220 | Luddites | workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd. | 20 | |
| 308443221 | Chartist Movement | unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s. | 21 | |
| 308443222 | French Revolution of 1848 | overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the 2nd French Republic. | 22 | |
| 308443223 | Revolutions of 1848 | the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed. | 23 | |
| 308443224 | Louis Pasteur | discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him. | 24 | |
| 308443225 | Benjamin Disraeli | British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform. | 25 | |
| 308443226 | Camillo di Cavour | architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont. | 26 | |
| 308443227 | Otto von Bismarck | conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability. | 27 | |
| 308443228 | American Civil War (1861-1865) | fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. | 28 | |
| 308443229 | transformismo | political system in Italy that allied conservative and liberals in support of the status quo. | 29 | |
| 308443230 | "social question" | issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. | 30 | |
| 308443231 | Karl Marx | German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship. | 31 | |
| 308443232 | revisionism | socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions. | 32 | |
| 308443233 | feminist movements | sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women. | 33 | |
| 308443234 | mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports. | 34 | |
| 308443235 | Charles Darwin | biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. | 35 | |
| 308443236 | Albert Einstein | formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity. | 36 | |
| 308443237 | Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses. | 37 | |
| 308443238 | Romanticism | 19th western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 38 | |
| 308443239 | American exceptionalism | historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation. | 39 | |
| 308443240 | Triple Alliance | alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. | 40 | |
| 308443241 | Triple Entente | agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. | 41 | |
| 308443242 | Balkan nationalism | movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I. | 42 |
