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| 21623496 | Congress of Vienna | meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes. | 0 | |
| 21623497 | Liberalism | political viewpoint with origins in W. Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. | 1 | |
| 21623498 | Radicals | political viewpoint with origins in w. Eueope during 19th century; advocated broader boting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes. | 2 | |
| 21623499 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1. | 3 | |
| 21623500 | Socialism | political movement with origins in w. europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, and to capitalist exploitation of the working man. | 4 | |
| 21623501 | Balkan nationalism | movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War 1. | 5 | |
| 21623502 | Albert Einstein | developed mathematical theories to explain the behavoir of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity. | 6 | |
| 21623503 | Protoindustrialization | preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers became full or part time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urbal merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution. | 7 | |
| 21623504 | Chartist movement | attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform BIll of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed. | 8 | |
| 21623505 | Mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports. | 9 | |
| 21623506 | Triple Entente | Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1. | 10 | |
| 21623507 | Louis Pasteur | discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by the 1880s. | 11 | |
| 21623508 | Benjamin Disraeli | leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics. | 12 | |
| 21623509 | Otto von Bismarck | conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. | 13 | |
| 21623510 | Transformismo | Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo. | 14 | |
| 21623511 | Social question | issues relating to repressed classes in w. europe during the industrial revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. | 15 | |
| 21623512 | Karl Marx | German socialist of the mid 19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship. | 16 | |
| 21623513 | Charles Darwin | biologist who developed theory of evolution species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. | 17 | |
| 21623514 | Romanticism | artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held the emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 18 | |
| 21623515 | Revisionism | socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions. | 19 |
