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| 126079231 | Absolutism | Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example. | 0 | |
| 126079232 | Boyar | A Russian noble. | 1 | |
| 126079233 | Capitalism | An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market. | 2 | |
| 126079234 | Catholic Reformation | Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits. | 3 | |
| 126079235 | Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits. | Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind. | 4 | |
| 126079236 | Copernican Universe | Copernicus' suggestion in 1543 that the sun, rather than the earth, was the center of the universe. | 5 | |
| 126079237 | Cossacks | The "free warriors" of southern Russia, noted as cavalrymen. | 6 | |
| 126079238 | Council of Trent | Catholic attempt (1545-1563) that sought to direct reform of the Roman Catholic Church. | 7 | |
| 126079239 | Deism | An Enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity; in deism, the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws. | 8 | |
| 126079240 | East India Company | British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces. | 9 | |
| 126079241 | Enlightenment | Eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution. | 10 | |
| 126079242 | Holy Roman Empire | Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in in 843 and lasting until 1806. | 11 | |
| 126079243 | Humanists | Renaissance scholars interested in moral philosophy, history, and literature, drawing inspiration from classical texts. | 12 | |
| 126079244 | Indulgences | Remissions of the punishment of a Christian's sins that could be purchased from the Roman Catholic Church. | 13 | |
| 126079245 | Jesuits | Group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 that maintained high educational standards and served worldwide as missionaries. | 14 | |
| 126079246 | Joint-stock companies | Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk. | 15 | |
| 126079247 | Law Code of 1649 | Code enacted by Catharine II placing Russian serfs under the tight control of landlords. | 16 | |
| 126079248 | Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy | Newton's 1686 work in which he offers mathematical explanations of the laws that govern the physical world. | 17 | |
| 126079249 | Ottoman empire | Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566). | 18 | |
| 126079250 | Peace of Westphalia | Treaty ending the Thirty Years' War that lays the foundation for independent sovereign states. | 19 | |
| 126079251 | Protestant Reformation | Sixteenth-century European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic church. | 20 | |
| 126079252 | Ptolemaic Universe | The theory that the earth is motionless and surrounded by nine spheres. Could not account for observable planetary movements, but was consistent with Christian theory of creation. | 21 | |
| 126079253 | Putting-out system | Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion. | 22 | |
| 126079254 | Spanish Inquisition | Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions; subjects of persecution included Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and witches. | 23 | |
| 126079255 | Sun King | Name of French King Louis IVX, a powerful absolute monarch. | 24 | |
| 126079256 | The Social Contract | Rousseau's work in which he advocates social and political equality and freedom. | 25 | |
| 126079257 | Thirty Years' War | Conflict lasting from 1618 to 1648 starting in Bohemia and eventually involving much of Europe. | 26 | |
| 126079258 | United East India Company (VOC) | Dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but with little government oversight. | 27 | |
| 126079259 | Vernacular | The language of the people; Martin Luther translated the Bible from the Latin of the Catholic church into the vernacular German. | 28 | |
| 126079260 | Versailles | Palace of French King Louis XIV. | 29 | |
| 126079261 | Voltaire | Pen name of French philosophe Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), author of Candide. | 30 |
