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| 39068475 | alternation of generations | A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants. | |
| 39068476 | angiosperm | A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. | |
| 39068477 | antheridium/antheridia | In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. | |
| 39068478 | apical meristem | Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length. | |
| 39068479 | archegonium/archegonia | In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. | |
| 39068480 | bryophytes | A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. | |
| 39068481 | charophyceans | The green algal group that shares two ultrastructural features with land plants. They are considered to be the closest relatives of land plants. | |
| 39068482 | cuticle | (1) A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants. (2) The exoskeleton of an arthropod, consisting of layers of protein and chitin that are variously modified for different functions. | |
| 39068483 | embryophyte | Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos. | |
| 39068484 | gametangia | The reproductive organ of bryophytes, consisting of the male antheridium and female archegonium; a multichambered jacket of sterile cells in which gametes are formed. | |
| 39068485 | gametophyte | The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation. | |
| 39068486 | gymnosperm | A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers. | |
| 39068487 | heterosporous | Referring to plants in which the sporophyte produces two kinds of spores that develop into unisexual gametophytes, either female or male. | |
| 39068488 | homosporous | Referring to plants in which a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs. | |
| 39068489 | megaspores | A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia. | |
| 39068490 | microspores | A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte with antheridia. | |
| 39068491 | peat | Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum. | |
| 39068492 | phloem | The portion of the vascular system in plants consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant. | |
| 39068493 | protonema | A mass of green, branched, one-cell thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores. | |
| 39068494 | pteridophytes | Seedless plants with true roots with lignified vascular tissue. The group includes ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails. | |
| 39068495 | rhizoids | Long tubular single cells or filaments of cells that anchor bryophytes to the ground. Rhizoids are not composed of tissues, they lack specialized conducting cells, and they do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption. | |
| 39068496 | seed | An adaptation for terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a resistant coat. | |
| 39068497 | seedless vascular plants | The collective name for the phyla Lycophyta (lycophytes) and Pteridophyta (ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails). | |
| 39068498 | sori/sorus | Clusters of fern sporangia on the backs of green leaves or on special, non-green leaves (sporophylls). Sori may be arranged in various patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, that are useful in fern identification. | |
| 39068499 | sporangla/sporangium | A capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop. | |
| 39068500 | spore | In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a multicellular individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. | |
| 39068501 | sporophyte | The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation. | |
| 39068502 | vascular plants | A plant with vascular tissue. Vascular plants include all modern species except the mosses and their relatives. | |
| 39068503 | vascular tissue | Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. | |
| 39068504 | xylem | The tube-shaped, nonliving portion of the vascular system in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. | |
| 39068505 | aggregate fruit | A fruit such as a blackberry that develops from a single flower that has several carpels. | |
| 39068506 | anther | The terminal pollen sac of a stamen, inside which pollen grains with male gametes form in the flower of an angiosperm. | |
| 39068507 | carpel | The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. | |
| 39068508 | coevolution | The mutual influence on the evolution of two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations. | |
| 39068509 | conifer | A gymnosperm whose reproductive structure is the cone. Conifers include pines, firs, redwoods, and other large trees. | |
| 39068510 | cotyledons | The one (monocot) or two (dicot) seed leaves of an angiosperm embryo. | |
| 39068511 | cross-pollination | The transfer of pollen from flowers of one plant to flowers of another plant of the same species. | |
| 39068512 | double fertilization | A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm. | |
| 39068513 | embryo sac | The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with eight haploid nuclei. | |
| 39068514 | endosperm | A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds. | |
| 39068515 | filament | The stalk of a stamen. | |
| 39068516 | flower | In an angiosperm, a short stem with four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction. | |
| 39068517 | fruit | A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal. | |
| 39068518 | multiple fruit | A fruit such as pineapple that develops from an inflorescence, a group of flowers tightly clustered together. When the walls of the many ovaries start to thicken, they fuse together and become incorporated into one fruit. | |
| 39068519 | ovary | (1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones. | |
| 39068520 | ovule | A structure that develops in the plant ovary and contains the female gametophyte. | |
| 39068521 | pericarp | The thickened wall of a fruit. | |
| 39068522 | petal | A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators. | |
| 39068523 | pollen grains | The structures that contain the immature male gametophytes. | |
| 39068524 | pollination | The placement of pollen onto the stigma of a carpel by wind or animal carriers, a prerequisite to fertilization. | |
| 39068525 | sepal | A whorl of modified leaves in angiosperms that encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens. | |
| 39068526 | stamen | The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament. | |
| 39068527 | stigma | The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains. | |
| 39068528 | style | The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top. |
