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| 6584352138 | What existed 1.2 Billion years ago? | Cyanobacteria and Protists | 0 | |
| 6584356597 | What happened 500 Million years ago? | small plants, fungi, and animals appear | 1 | |
| 6584360372 | What happened 385 Million years ago? | All plants, including aquatic plants appear | 2 | |
| 6584363230 | What are photosynthetic protist? | Algae | 3 | |
| 6584371853 | Where did land plants evolve from? | Green Algae called Charophytes | 4 | |
| 6584383564 | If land plants share many characteristics with other algae, what 3 things make green algae so special? | - Circular rings of proteins in plasma membrane - Flagellated sperm structure - phragmoplast | 5 | |
| 6584393019 | Describe what Charophytes and land plants have in common in terms of protein | Both land plants and charophytes have circular rings of proteins in plasma membrane to make cellulose for cell walls. Other non-charphyotes algae have linear proteins. | 6 | |
| 6584800247 | Describe what charophytes and land plants have in common in terms of sperm structure | Some land plants have flagellated sperm structure similar to charophytes' flagellated sperm. | 7 | |
| 6584812867 | Describe what charophytes and land plants have in common in terms of phragmoplast | Both land plants and charophytes have a group of microtubules called phragmoplast formed in the middle of their daughter cells when the cell divides. Phragmoplast give rise to cell plate that separates the 2 daughter cells. | 8 | |
| 6584828916 | Are land plants descended from charophytes? | Technically no. But they are closely related. But plants are descended from even more ancestral algae | 9 | |
| 6584854832 | How did land plants evolve from charophytes? | - Evolution favors algae that survive long periods of droughts, and charophytes have a layer of polymer called sporopollenin that protects zygotes from drying out. - This provide land plants to live above water and subsequently, plants are able to conquer land. | 10 | |
| 6584893479 | What are pros and cons of living on land? | Pros - Abundant sun light - Rich nutrients in soil - More CO2 Cons - Lack of water - Gravity can bend plants structure | 11 | |
| 6584906698 | List how the derived traits that make plants different from charophyte | - Alternation of generation - Muticellular, dependent embryos - Walled spores produced in sporangia - Multicellular gametangia - Apical Meristem | 12 | |
| 6584933706 | Describe Alternation of Generation and state which organisms have this | - It is altering between sporophyte and gametophyte - All land plants and some algaue (exclude charophytes) have alternation of generation | 13 | |
| 6584949190 | What is gametophyte?What is its ploidy? | It is a gamete-producing part of a plant using mitosis to produce eggs or sperm. Gametophyte makes gamete, so it is haploid (n) | 14 | |
| 6584958771 | What is sporophyte? What is its ploidy? | Sporophyte is a spore-producing part of a plant using meiosis to make spores. Sporophyte is diploid. | 15 | |
| 6584996051 | Draw the cycle of Alternation of Generation in Fern |  | 16 | |
| 6585010522 | Describe Multicellular, Dependent Embryos | - Plant embryos are protected by parent tissues from harsh enviornment - Embryos get nutrients such as amino acids and sugars using placental transfer cells to allow transfer of nutrients through wall ingrowths (plasma membrane and cell wall) - Embryos are made from zygotes - Land plants are thus called embryophytes thanks to embryos. | 17 | |
| 6585067082 | Describe Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia | - Spore walls are made of polymer sporopollenin, thus spores are tough and can resis harsh enviornment - Spores can be dispersed through dry air without harm | 18 | |
| 6585073287 | Describe sporangia | - Sporangia is an organ of sporophyte, a section of a plant, that produces spores | 19 | |
| 6585090031 | Describe sporocyte | Sporocytes are diploid cells inside sporangia and make spores using meiosis to make haploid spores. | 20 | |
| 6585098784 | Describe the overall picture of walled spores | Sporocyte > Sporangia > Sporocyte > Spores (with walls) | 21 | |
| 6585115008 | Charophytes lack what compared to Sporophyte? | Charophytes lack walled spores and sporangia | 22 | |
| 6585159514 | Describe Multicellular Gametagia | Gametangia is an organ of gametophyte | 23 | |
| 6585162767 | What is female gametangia called? | Archegonia (an organ that produces eggs) | 24 | |
| 6585165708 | What is male gametangia called? | Antheridia (an organ that produces sperm) | 25 | |
| 6585171435 | How does antheridia and archegonia interact? | Antheridia releases sperm to egg inside archegonia. Egg will then fertilize. | 26 | |
| 6585181380 | Describe Apical Meristem | - Apical meristem are regions of cell division at tips of roots and shoots - Meristems help stationary plants grow roots and shoots - Shoot apical meristem create leaves - Apical meristem make outer epidermis (group of cells that protect plant body) | 27 | |
| 6585219299 | Besides the 5 dominated traits, what are other derived traits? | Cuticle and Stomata | 28 | |
| 6585220253 | What is a cuticle? | - A cuticle is a cover of epidermis that is made up of wax and polymers - Protect water loss and prevent from microbial attacks in plants | 29 | |
| 6585242734 | What is stomata? | Specilized pores that facilitate exchange of CO2 and O2 and photoynthesis | 30 | |
| 6585259191 | What happens to stomata in hot, dry conditions? | Stomata closes to minimize water loss | 31 | |
| 6585263561 | How did early plants, which lack roots and leaves, survive harsh land conditions? | - They form symbiotic relationships with a fungi called mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae extend its filaments into soil to obtain nutrients and transfer to plants. | 32 | |
| 6585287666 | What evidence suggest land plants evolved from algae? | - Spores in early land plants match today's plant spores in chemical compositions - Structure of spore walls also match to some land plants(liverworts) | 33 | |
| 6600374542 | Memorize the table of 10 phyla of Extant (surviving members) Plant |  | 34 |
