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| 7193008165 | Buddha | Def - Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. Significance - Buddha founded one of the great world religions. Analyze - A thinker now known as Buddha was the one who founded a great world religion. |  | 0 |
| 7193010205 | Alexander the Great | Def - Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures. Significance - When Alexander the Great invaded India, he made possible contacts with Hellenistic culture. Analyze - These possible contacts were made from India by Alexander the Great. |  | 1 |
| 7193017694 | Himalayas | Def - Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics. Significance - Important passes through the mountains, especially in the Northwest, linked India to other civilizations in the Middle East. Analyze - The important trade routes allowed India to trade with other civilizations. |  | 2 |
| 7193031787 | Monsoons | Def - Seasonal Winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer, it brings rains. Significance - The monsoons vary from year to year, sometimes bringing too little rain or coming too late. Analyze - The monsoons vary from year to year and how much rain is there. |  | 3 |
| 7193036280 | Aryans | Def - Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society Significance - The Aryans were from Central Asia and were hunting and gathering before farming. Analyze - The Aryans had relocated from Central Asia for farming. |  | 4 |
| 7193041580 | Sanskrit | Def - the sacred and classical Indian language. Significance - The literary epics developed by the Aryan's was initially passed on orally and were written down in Sanskrit, which became the first literary language of the new culture. Analyze - Sanskrit was the first language of the new culture thanks to the Aryan's. |  | 5 |
| 7193079394 | Vedas | Def - Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. Significance - The sacred books in which the Aryan hymns are written are called the Vedas. Analyze - The Vedas have been around for a very long time. |  | 6 |
| 7193088647 | Mahabharata | Def - Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the centuries B.C.E; previously handed down in oral form. Significance - During the Epic Age, new stories were developed such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Analyze - The Mahabharata epic was developed in the Epic Age between 1000 and 6000 B.C.E. |  | 7 |
| 7193098526 | Ramayana | Def - One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. Significance - The Mahabharata and Ramayana both reflect a more settled agricultural society and better-organized political units than the Rig-Veda. Analyze - The Rig- Veda does not reflect a more settled agricultural society than the Mahabharata and Ramayana. |  | 8 |
| 7193109885 | Upanishads | Def - Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority. Significance - The Upanishads had a more mystical religious flavor than the other epics. Analyze - The other epic poems were not that mystical compared to the Upanishads. |  | 9 |
| 7193119262 | Varnas | Def - Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes - Brahmans(priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas Significance - The Varnas had the brahmans on the top and the dasas on the bottom. Analyze - The dasas were very poor while the brahmans were very rich. | 10 | |
| 7193159852 | Untouchables | Def - Low social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting - street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning. Significance - Was widely believed that if someone touched an untouchable, they would defile anyone from a superior class. Analyze - The untouchables were very poor and could not be touched by anyone. |  | 11 |
| 7193177513 | Indra | Def - Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior. Significance - Indra was the god of thunder and strength. Analyze - The Aryans brought a religion of many gods and goddesses, who regulated natural forces and possessed human qualities which was why Indra was the god of thunder and strength. |  | 12 |
| 7193185428 | Chandragupta Maurya | Def - (r. 322 - 298 B.C.E.) Founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization. Significance - The Mauryan empire were the first empire to unify much of the empire of the entire subcontinent. Analyze - This empire did many things such as have the first centralized government since the Harappan civilization. |  | 13 |
| 7193204350 | Mauryan | Def - Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great. Significance - The dynasty which unified much of the entire subcontinent. Analyze - The Mauryans were the first empire to have a centralized government since the Harappan civilization. |  | 14 |
| 7193214808 | Ashoka | Def -(r. 273 - 232 B.C.E.) Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire. Significance - Ashoka extended Mauryan conquests, gaining control of all but the southern tip of India through fierce fighting. Analyze - Ashoka was a great figure in Indian history. |  | 15 |
| 7193227513 | Dharma | Def - The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position to have a better situation in the next life. Significance - The dharma was the law of moral consequences. Analyze - The dharma was superior in the Indian subcontinent. |  | 16 |
| 7193236707 | Guptas | Def - Dynasty that succeeded Kushans in the 3rd century C.E; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of indian sub-continent; less centralized than Mauryan empire. Significance - The Guptas established a large empire beginning in 320 C.E. Analyze - The Guptas were not as popular as the Mauryans. | 17 | |
| 7193246259 | Kautilya | Def - (350 - 275 B.C.E) Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare. Significance - Kautilya wrote an important treatise on politics but it was devoted to telling rulers what methods would work to maintain power. Analyze - Kautilya was a writer who wrote a treatise on politics. |  | 18 |
| 7193255173 | Gurus | Def - Originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas. Significance - The gurus gathered disciples around them and served as teachers. Analyze - The gurus were like present day teachers. |  | 19 |
| 7193260091 | Vishnu | Def - The Brahman, later Hindu god of sacrifice; widely worshipped. Significance - There are several gods including Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer. Analyze - These gods can be worshipped or placated as expressions of the holy essence. |  | 20 |
| 7193267770 | Shiva | Def - Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic faces of change. Significance - Shiva's most frequent Indian religious image is of him as a celestial dancer. Analyze - There are not that much famous Idols of Shiva. |  | 21 |
| 7193275672 | Reincarnation | Def - The successful attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives. Significance - Where the soul goes after a person has died depends on how good a life that person had led. Analyze - The point of reincarnation is to let a person's soul attach to someone or something. |  | 22 |
| 7193289862 | Buddha | Def - Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. Significance - The Buddha's real name was Siddartha Gautama. Analyze - His nickname was the Buddha. |  | 23 |
| 7193293168 | Nirvana | Def - The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility. Significance - Individuals could regulate their lives and aspirations toward this goal without elaborate ceremonies. Analyze - Nirvana was easy to reach. |  | 24 |
| 7193297701 | Kumasutra | Def - Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking. Significance - Kumasutra was written in the 4th century C.E. Analyze - Kumasutra has been written for a long time. | 25 | |
| 7193307847 | Stupas | Def - Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms. Significance - Stupas were spherical shrines for Buddha. Analyze - Ashoka helped the people recognize Buddha. | 26 | |
| 7193317475 | Scholar- Gentry | Def - Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governess of China. Significance - The scholar- gentry's were elite people. Analyze - Chinese thinkers made a distinction between common people and scholar-gentry. | 27 | |
| 7199004220 | Indian civilization was deeply influenced by geography and climate. | 28 | ||
| 7199005336 | Centuries of Aryan invasion and consideration laid the foundation of classical Indian civilization. | 29 | ||
| 7199006838 | Two major empires united large parts of India at crucial periods in classical Indian history. | 30 | ||
| 7199008228 | Local and regional governments dominated in India, which placed less emphasis on politics than other early civilizations. | 31 | ||
| 7199010011 | Hinduism and Buddhism were the religions of classical India, helping also to shape distinctively Indian arts and sciences. | 32 | ||
| 7199011097 | The caste system structured India's social framework, but a strong emphasis on trade was also important. | 33 | ||
| 7199107781 | Family life combined patriarchy with an emphasis on affection. | 34 | ||
| 7199110755 | Because of it's extensive trade, India's artistic and cultural influence reached many parts of the ancient world, even as India shaped a distinctive version of classical civilization. | 35 |
