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Chapter 40: basic principles of animal form and function Flashcards

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2335661227The biological form of an organismAnatomy0
2335661377The biological functions an organism performsPhysiology1
23356617064 physical laws that govern certain traits of animals1. Strength 2. Diffusion rates 3. Movement 4. Heat exchange2
2335662433Skeletons in relation to animals growing largerThicker skeletons are required to support more mass3
23356647902 things nutrients are required for as animals grow larger1. More nutrients are needed to supply all tissues with proper levels 2. More nutrients are required to build the larger structures4
2335665653Similar adaptations result in diverse organisms facing the same challenge; 2 separate species evolve to have a similar feature that didn't come from a common ancestorConvergent evolution5
2335666915What does an organism need to exchange with its environment?Gases, nutrients, and waste products6
2335667310How are gases, nutrients, and waste products exchanged on the single cell level?They have to cross the plasma membrane7
2335667573How fast can materials be exchanged?Rate of exchange is proportional to the surface area of the cell; the amount of materials exchanged is proportional to the volume of the cell8
2343859109________ organisms have sufficient surface area to exchange materials with their environmentsSingle-celled9
2343861920Some multi-cellular organisms have ________ to facilitate diffusion of materialsThin body walls10
2343864803Some organisms have most of their cells in ________ contact with the environmentDirect11
2343866216Are all the cells in larger organisms in contact with the environment?No12
2343867298Larger organisms are composed of...Compact masses of cells with complex internal organization13
2343868348How are nutrients distributed in humans? Goats? Frogs?A circulatory system14
2343869627Adaptations allow of exchange of materials with the environment such as...1. Extensive branching or folded structures 2. Interstitial fluid 3. Systems of distribution within the organism15
2343870945Fluid between cells allows of movement of materials into and out of cellsInterstitial fluid16
23438720723 systems of distribution within the organism1. Digestive system 2. Circulatory system 3. Respiratory system17
2343874272Job(s) of the digestive systemFood processing18
2343876918Job(s) of the circulatory systemInternal distribution of materials19
2343877753Job(s) of the respiratory systemGas exchange20
2343878743Job(s) of the immune and lymphatic systemBody defense21
2343879592Job(s) of the excretory system1. Disposal of metabolic waste 2. Regulation of osmotic balance of blood22
2343881351Job(s) of the endocrine system1. Coordination of body activities 2. Transmits hormones throughout the body via blood23
2343883284Job(s) of the reproductive systemReproduction/creating offspring24
2343883296Job(s) of the nervous system1. Coordination of body activities 2. Detection of stimuli 3. Formulation of responses to stimuli25
2343885288Job(s) of the integumentary system1. Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration 2. Thermoregulation26
2343887286Job(s) of the skeletal system1. Body support 2. Protection of internal organs27
2343888702Job(s) of the muscular systemLocomotion and other movements28
23438904344 main categories of tissues1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous29
23438931141. Covers the outside of the body 2. Lines the organs and cavities within the body 3. Contains cells that are closely joined, to provide protection so things don't just enter/exitEpithelial tissue30
23438942383 shapes of epithelial cells1. Cubodial 2. Columnar 3. Squamous31
23438973363 types of arrangement of epithelial cells1. Simple (a single layer) 2. Stratified (multiple tiers of cells) 3. Pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying lengths)32
2343901546Side of epithelial tissue that faces the exteriorApical surface33
2343902375Side of epithelial tissue that faces the interiorBasal surface34
2343903767The ________ side of epithelial cells either faces the air/your clothes or the inside of your digestive systemApical35
2343903774The ________ side of epithelial cells faces your muscles or your organsBasal36
2343905934Binds and supports other tissuesConnective tissue37
2343907104Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrixConnective tissue38
23439080616 major types of connective tissue1. Loose 2. Fibrous 3. Bone 4. Adipose 5. Blood 6. Cartilage39
23439104971. Binds epithelia to the underlying tissues 2. Holds organs in placeLoose connective tissue40
2343911985In tendons, attaches muscles to bones; in ligaments, connects the bones together at your jointsFibrous connective tissue41
2343913150Mineralized; forms skeletonBone42
23439140671. Fat 2. Stores energy 3. Provides insulationAdipose tissue43
23439152471. Composed of blood cells, plasma, and cell fragments 2. Connects parts of the body with nutrients and oxygen 3. Removes waste 4. Transports hormones, etc.Blood44
2343916255Strong and flexible support material; between bonesCartilage45
23439173383 types of connective tissue fibers1. Collagenous 2. Reticular 3. Elastic46
2343918873Fibers that provide strength and flexibilityCollagenous47
2343919883Fibers that join connective tissue to adjacent tissueReticular48
2343920648Fibers that stretch and "snap" back to their original lengthElastic49
23439223582 types of cells within connective tissue1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages50
23439235701. Secrete the proteins in the extracellular matrix 2. Make fiberFibroblasts51
2343924334Involved in the immune systemMacrophages52
2343925501Responsible for almost all types of body movementMuscle tissue53
2343926563Filaments that enable the muscles to contractActin and myosin54
23439272383 muscle types1. Skeletal/striated 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac55
2343928194Muscle type responsible for voluntary movementSkeletal/striated56
2343929270Muscle type responsible for involuntary movementSmooth57
2343930310Muscle type responsible for contraction of the heartCardiac58
2343931151Tissue that receives, processes, and transmits informationNervous tissue59
23439324692 cell types found in nervous tissueNeurons and glial cells60
2343933735Coordination and control depend on the ________ system and the ________ systemEndocrine; nervous61
2343938436Hormones are ________ but ________Slow acting; long lasting62
2343940331Uses internal controls to change their internal environment when the external environment fluctuates; ex. warm blooded organismRegulator63
2343940343Allows their internal environment to fluctuate with the external environment; ex. cold blooded organismConformer64
2343943715The steady state physical condition of the body; in humans: pH, temperature, glucose concentrations kept as constant levelsHomeostasis65
2343944428________ feedback helps return a variable back to normal/homeostatic rangeNegative66
2343944429________ feedback would amplify the stimulus and therefore would not typically be able to restore homeostasisPositive67
2343946120If a factor fluctuates above or below a ________, the body responds to return the factor to the set pointSet point68
23439485481. Moving above or below a set point serves as a ________ 2. The stimulus is detected by a ________ 3. The sensor triggers a ________ 4. ________ is restoredStimulus; sensor; response; homeostasis69
2343950102Set points can vary with...Age or cyclic variation70
2343952368Physiological changes that occur ~24 hours even in the absence of external cuesCircadian rhythm71
2343953658Sometimes, homeostasis can adjust to changes in the external environmentAcclimatization72
2343954530Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable rangeThermoregulation73
2343955282What does thermoregulation involve?Form, function, and behavior74
23439571101. Generate heat through metabolism 2. Maintain a stable body temperature even with drastic environmental changes 3. More energetically expensive than ectothermy 4. Birds and mammalsEndothermic animals75
23439581861. Gain heat from external sources 2. Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature 3. Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptilesEctothermic animals76
2343959302Body temperature varies with its environmentPoikilotherm77
2343959930Body temperature is relatively constantHomeotherm78
23439610914 ways animals balance heat loss and gain1. Radiation of heat 2. Evaporative cooling 3. Convection 4. Conduction79
2343963085Mammals often use the ________ system to regulate heatIntegumentary80
23439630865 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate1. Insulation 2. Circulatory adaptations 3. Cooling by evaporative heat loss 4. Behavioral responses 5. Adjusting metabolic heat production81
2343966184Blood flow increases, heat loss increasesVasodilation82
2343966958Blood flow decreases, heat loss decreasesVasoconstriction83
2343968826Transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat lossCountercurrent exchange84
2343970586Evaporation of water from the skin cools the skin; sweating or bathing moistens skin to allow for cooling; panting increases the cooling effectEvaporative cooling85
2343973548Adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature; increased by muscle activity such as moving of shiveringThermogenesis86
2343974173Hormones cause the mitochondria to increase metabolic activityNonshivering thermogenesis87
2343976184Birds and mammals can vary their ________ to adjust to seasonal temperaturesInsulation88
2343978261What brain region controls thermoregulation in mammals?Hypothalamus89
23439801383 things energy requirements are related to1. Size 2. Activity level 3. Environment90
2343981376What do energy requirements determine?How much food an animal needs relative to the animal's size, activity level, and environment91
2343983459Harness light energy to build energy-rich moleculesAutotrophs92
2343984182Harvest chemical energy from foodHeterotrophs93
2343985470Energy containing molecules from food are usually used to make ________ATP94
2343985471Once an organism meets the needs it has to stay alive it can use the remaining energy from food molecules to do ________Biosynthesis95
23439886984 parts of biosynthesis1. Body growth 2. Body repair 3. Synthesis of storage materials like fat 4. Production of gametes96
2343990601The amount of energy an animals uses in a unit of timeMetabolic rate97
23439917153 ways metabolic rate be determined by1. Heat loss 2. Amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide lost 3. Measuring amount of energy consumed through food and the energy lost in waste products98
2343992996The metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a "comfortable" temperatureBasal metabolic rate (BMR)99
2343995019The metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperatureStandard metabolic rate (SMR)100
2343996270Ectotherms have much (lower/higher) metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable sizeLower101
23439977616 factors that can affect metabolic rate1. Size 2. Age 3. Sex 4. Activity level 5. Temperature 6. Nutrition102
2343998781Metabolic rate is proportional to ________Body mass103
2344001525An animal has the highest metabolic rate during peak activityMaximum metabolic rate104
23440032084 things that the portion of an animals energy that is devoted to activity depends on1. Environment 2. Behavior 3. Size 4. Thermoregulation105
2344004222A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreasesTorpor106
23440048643 types of torpor1. Hibernation 2. Estivation 3. Daily107

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