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| 2335661227 | The biological form of an organism | Anatomy | 0 | |
| 2335661377 | The biological functions an organism performs | Physiology | 1 | |
| 2335661706 | 4 physical laws that govern certain traits of animals | 1. Strength 2. Diffusion rates 3. Movement 4. Heat exchange | 2 | |
| 2335662433 | Skeletons in relation to animals growing larger | Thicker skeletons are required to support more mass | 3 | |
| 2335664790 | 2 things nutrients are required for as animals grow larger | 1. More nutrients are needed to supply all tissues with proper levels 2. More nutrients are required to build the larger structures | 4 | |
| 2335665653 | Similar adaptations result in diverse organisms facing the same challenge; 2 separate species evolve to have a similar feature that didn't come from a common ancestor | Convergent evolution | 5 | |
| 2335666915 | What does an organism need to exchange with its environment? | Gases, nutrients, and waste products | 6 | |
| 2335667310 | How are gases, nutrients, and waste products exchanged on the single cell level? | They have to cross the plasma membrane | 7 | |
| 2335667573 | How fast can materials be exchanged? | Rate of exchange is proportional to the surface area of the cell; the amount of materials exchanged is proportional to the volume of the cell | 8 | |
| 2343859109 | ________ organisms have sufficient surface area to exchange materials with their environments | Single-celled | 9 | |
| 2343861920 | Some multi-cellular organisms have ________ to facilitate diffusion of materials | Thin body walls | 10 | |
| 2343864803 | Some organisms have most of their cells in ________ contact with the environment | Direct | 11 | |
| 2343866216 | Are all the cells in larger organisms in contact with the environment? | No | 12 | |
| 2343867298 | Larger organisms are composed of... | Compact masses of cells with complex internal organization | 13 | |
| 2343868348 | How are nutrients distributed in humans? Goats? Frogs? | A circulatory system | 14 | |
| 2343869627 | Adaptations allow of exchange of materials with the environment such as... | 1. Extensive branching or folded structures 2. Interstitial fluid 3. Systems of distribution within the organism | 15 | |
| 2343870945 | Fluid between cells allows of movement of materials into and out of cells | Interstitial fluid | 16 | |
| 2343872072 | 3 systems of distribution within the organism | 1. Digestive system 2. Circulatory system 3. Respiratory system | 17 | |
| 2343874272 | Job(s) of the digestive system | Food processing | 18 | |
| 2343876918 | Job(s) of the circulatory system | Internal distribution of materials | 19 | |
| 2343877753 | Job(s) of the respiratory system | Gas exchange | 20 | |
| 2343878743 | Job(s) of the immune and lymphatic system | Body defense | 21 | |
| 2343879592 | Job(s) of the excretory system | 1. Disposal of metabolic waste 2. Regulation of osmotic balance of blood | 22 | |
| 2343881351 | Job(s) of the endocrine system | 1. Coordination of body activities 2. Transmits hormones throughout the body via blood | 23 | |
| 2343883284 | Job(s) of the reproductive system | Reproduction/creating offspring | 24 | |
| 2343883296 | Job(s) of the nervous system | 1. Coordination of body activities 2. Detection of stimuli 3. Formulation of responses to stimuli | 25 | |
| 2343885288 | Job(s) of the integumentary system | 1. Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration 2. Thermoregulation | 26 | |
| 2343887286 | Job(s) of the skeletal system | 1. Body support 2. Protection of internal organs | 27 | |
| 2343888702 | Job(s) of the muscular system | Locomotion and other movements | 28 | |
| 2343890434 | 4 main categories of tissues | 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous | 29 | |
| 2343893114 | 1. Covers the outside of the body 2. Lines the organs and cavities within the body 3. Contains cells that are closely joined, to provide protection so things don't just enter/exit | Epithelial tissue | 30 | |
| 2343894238 | 3 shapes of epithelial cells | 1. Cubodial 2. Columnar 3. Squamous | 31 | |
| 2343897336 | 3 types of arrangement of epithelial cells | 1. Simple (a single layer) 2. Stratified (multiple tiers of cells) 3. Pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying lengths) | 32 | |
| 2343901546 | Side of epithelial tissue that faces the exterior | Apical surface | 33 | |
| 2343902375 | Side of epithelial tissue that faces the interior | Basal surface | 34 | |
| 2343903767 | The ________ side of epithelial cells either faces the air/your clothes or the inside of your digestive system | Apical | 35 | |
| 2343903774 | The ________ side of epithelial cells faces your muscles or your organs | Basal | 36 | |
| 2343905934 | Binds and supports other tissues | Connective tissue | 37 | |
| 2343907104 | Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix | Connective tissue | 38 | |
| 2343908061 | 6 major types of connective tissue | 1. Loose 2. Fibrous 3. Bone 4. Adipose 5. Blood 6. Cartilage | 39 | |
| 2343910497 | 1. Binds epithelia to the underlying tissues 2. Holds organs in place | Loose connective tissue | 40 | |
| 2343911985 | In tendons, attaches muscles to bones; in ligaments, connects the bones together at your joints | Fibrous connective tissue | 41 | |
| 2343913150 | Mineralized; forms skeleton | Bone | 42 | |
| 2343914067 | 1. Fat 2. Stores energy 3. Provides insulation | Adipose tissue | 43 | |
| 2343915247 | 1. Composed of blood cells, plasma, and cell fragments 2. Connects parts of the body with nutrients and oxygen 3. Removes waste 4. Transports hormones, etc. | Blood | 44 | |
| 2343916255 | Strong and flexible support material; between bones | Cartilage | 45 | |
| 2343917338 | 3 types of connective tissue fibers | 1. Collagenous 2. Reticular 3. Elastic | 46 | |
| 2343918873 | Fibers that provide strength and flexibility | Collagenous | 47 | |
| 2343919883 | Fibers that join connective tissue to adjacent tissue | Reticular | 48 | |
| 2343920648 | Fibers that stretch and "snap" back to their original length | Elastic | 49 | |
| 2343922358 | 2 types of cells within connective tissue | 1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages | 50 | |
| 2343923570 | 1. Secrete the proteins in the extracellular matrix 2. Make fiber | Fibroblasts | 51 | |
| 2343924334 | Involved in the immune system | Macrophages | 52 | |
| 2343925501 | Responsible for almost all types of body movement | Muscle tissue | 53 | |
| 2343926563 | Filaments that enable the muscles to contract | Actin and myosin | 54 | |
| 2343927238 | 3 muscle types | 1. Skeletal/striated 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac | 55 | |
| 2343928194 | Muscle type responsible for voluntary movement | Skeletal/striated | 56 | |
| 2343929270 | Muscle type responsible for involuntary movement | Smooth | 57 | |
| 2343930310 | Muscle type responsible for contraction of the heart | Cardiac | 58 | |
| 2343931151 | Tissue that receives, processes, and transmits information | Nervous tissue | 59 | |
| 2343932469 | 2 cell types found in nervous tissue | Neurons and glial cells | 60 | |
| 2343933735 | Coordination and control depend on the ________ system and the ________ system | Endocrine; nervous | 61 | |
| 2343938436 | Hormones are ________ but ________ | Slow acting; long lasting | 62 | |
| 2343940331 | Uses internal controls to change their internal environment when the external environment fluctuates; ex. warm blooded organism | Regulator | 63 | |
| 2343940343 | Allows their internal environment to fluctuate with the external environment; ex. cold blooded organism | Conformer | 64 | |
| 2343943715 | The steady state physical condition of the body; in humans: pH, temperature, glucose concentrations kept as constant levels | Homeostasis | 65 | |
| 2343944428 | ________ feedback helps return a variable back to normal/homeostatic range | Negative | 66 | |
| 2343944429 | ________ feedback would amplify the stimulus and therefore would not typically be able to restore homeostasis | Positive | 67 | |
| 2343946120 | If a factor fluctuates above or below a ________, the body responds to return the factor to the set point | Set point | 68 | |
| 2343948548 | 1. Moving above or below a set point serves as a ________ 2. The stimulus is detected by a ________ 3. The sensor triggers a ________ 4. ________ is restored | Stimulus; sensor; response; homeostasis | 69 | |
| 2343950102 | Set points can vary with... | Age or cyclic variation | 70 | |
| 2343952368 | Physiological changes that occur ~24 hours even in the absence of external cues | Circadian rhythm | 71 | |
| 2343953658 | Sometimes, homeostasis can adjust to changes in the external environment | Acclimatization | 72 | |
| 2343954530 | Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range | Thermoregulation | 73 | |
| 2343955282 | What does thermoregulation involve? | Form, function, and behavior | 74 | |
| 2343957110 | 1. Generate heat through metabolism 2. Maintain a stable body temperature even with drastic environmental changes 3. More energetically expensive than ectothermy 4. Birds and mammals | Endothermic animals | 75 | |
| 2343958186 | 1. Gain heat from external sources 2. Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature 3. Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptiles | Ectothermic animals | 76 | |
| 2343959302 | Body temperature varies with its environment | Poikilotherm | 77 | |
| 2343959930 | Body temperature is relatively constant | Homeotherm | 78 | |
| 2343961091 | 4 ways animals balance heat loss and gain | 1. Radiation of heat 2. Evaporative cooling 3. Convection 4. Conduction | 79 | |
| 2343963085 | Mammals often use the ________ system to regulate heat | Integumentary | 80 | |
| 2343963086 | 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate | 1. Insulation 2. Circulatory adaptations 3. Cooling by evaporative heat loss 4. Behavioral responses 5. Adjusting metabolic heat production | 81 | |
| 2343966184 | Blood flow increases, heat loss increases | Vasodilation | 82 | |
| 2343966958 | Blood flow decreases, heat loss decreases | Vasoconstriction | 83 | |
| 2343968826 | Transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss | Countercurrent exchange | 84 | |
| 2343970586 | Evaporation of water from the skin cools the skin; sweating or bathing moistens skin to allow for cooling; panting increases the cooling effect | Evaporative cooling | 85 | |
| 2343973548 | Adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature; increased by muscle activity such as moving of shivering | Thermogenesis | 86 | |
| 2343974173 | Hormones cause the mitochondria to increase metabolic activity | Nonshivering thermogenesis | 87 | |
| 2343976184 | Birds and mammals can vary their ________ to adjust to seasonal temperatures | Insulation | 88 | |
| 2343978261 | What brain region controls thermoregulation in mammals? | Hypothalamus | 89 | |
| 2343980138 | 3 things energy requirements are related to | 1. Size 2. Activity level 3. Environment | 90 | |
| 2343981376 | What do energy requirements determine? | How much food an animal needs relative to the animal's size, activity level, and environment | 91 | |
| 2343983459 | Harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules | Autotrophs | 92 | |
| 2343984182 | Harvest chemical energy from food | Heterotrophs | 93 | |
| 2343985470 | Energy containing molecules from food are usually used to make ________ | ATP | 94 | |
| 2343985471 | Once an organism meets the needs it has to stay alive it can use the remaining energy from food molecules to do ________ | Biosynthesis | 95 | |
| 2343988698 | 4 parts of biosynthesis | 1. Body growth 2. Body repair 3. Synthesis of storage materials like fat 4. Production of gametes | 96 | |
| 2343990601 | The amount of energy an animals uses in a unit of time | Metabolic rate | 97 | |
| 2343991715 | 3 ways metabolic rate be determined by | 1. Heat loss 2. Amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide lost 3. Measuring amount of energy consumed through food and the energy lost in waste products | 98 | |
| 2343992996 | The metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a "comfortable" temperature | Basal metabolic rate (BMR) | 99 | |
| 2343995019 | The metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature | Standard metabolic rate (SMR) | 100 | |
| 2343996270 | Ectotherms have much (lower/higher) metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable size | Lower | 101 | |
| 2343997761 | 6 factors that can affect metabolic rate | 1. Size 2. Age 3. Sex 4. Activity level 5. Temperature 6. Nutrition | 102 | |
| 2343998781 | Metabolic rate is proportional to ________ | Body mass | 103 | |
| 2344001525 | An animal has the highest metabolic rate during peak activity | Maximum metabolic rate | 104 | |
| 2344003208 | 4 things that the portion of an animals energy that is devoted to activity depends on | 1. Environment 2. Behavior 3. Size 4. Thermoregulation | 105 | |
| 2344004222 | A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases | Torpor | 106 | |
| 2344004864 | 3 types of torpor | 1. Hibernation 2. Estivation 3. Daily | 107 |
