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| 4696145327 | For multicellular organisms, exchanges occur at the _____ level by crossing the _____ _____ | cellular; plasma membrane | 0 | |
| 4696149273 | For most multicellular organism cells, direct exchange with the environment is ____ | not possible | 1 | |
| 4696149605 | _____ and _____ are related in most animals | internal transport and gas exchange | 2 | |
| 4696150348 | diffusion | process by which small molecules can move btwn cells and their surroundings | 3 | |
| 4696151330 | diffusion is only efficient over small distances, t or f | true | 4 | |
| 4696151729 | the time it takes to diffuse is proportional to the _____ | square of the distance | 5 | |
| 4696152265 | in small animals, cells exchange materials _______ with the surrounding medium | directly | 6 | |
| 4696152484 | in most animals, cells exchange materials with the environment via | fluid-filled circulatory system | 7 | |
| 4696153147 | all animals have a circulatory system, t or f | false some animals lack a circulatory system | 8 | |
| 4696153535 | gastrovascular cavity | functions in digestion and distribution of substances in the body ex jelly fish or hydra | 9 | |
| 4696154514 | how thick is the body wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity? | two cells thick | 10 | |
| 4696155008 | 3 parts of a circulatory system | -circulatory fluid (blood) -interconnecting vessels -muscular pump (heart) | 11 | |
| 4696156982 | function of circulatory system | connects the fluid (blood) with organs that: exchange gases; absorb nutrients; and dispose of wastes | 12 | |
| 4696157843 | open circulatory system occurs in | insects, arthropods, mollusks | 13 | |
| 4696159137 | circulatory fluid in an open circulatory system is called | hemolymph (interstitial fluid) | 14 | |
| 4696159796 | process of heart contraction in open system | heart contraction --> hemolymph pumps from tubular heart ---> vessels ---> sinus | 15 | |
| 4696160656 | sinus in open system is | where chemical exchange occurs sinus is the space surrounding the organs | 16 | |
| 4696160972 | process of heart relaxation in open system | heart relaxation ---> heart drew hemolymph back through pores controlled with valves | 17 | |
| 4696161675 | closed circulatory system occurs in | annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates | 18 | |
| 4696162290 | circulatory fluid in closed system is called | blood blood is distinct from the interstitial fluid | 19 | |
| 4696163074 | process of heart contraction in closed system | heart contraction --> blood pumps vessels that branch into smaller vessels | 20 | |
| 4696164127 | in the closed system, there is a chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid, t or f | true | 21 | |
| 4696164128 | process of heart relaxation in closed system | heart relaxation blood drew back through vessels | 22 | |
| 4696164513 | cardiovascular system | closed circulatory system of humans and vertebrates | 23 | |
| 4696165130 | three main types of blood vessels in cardiovascular system | arteries veins capillaries | 24 | |
| 4696165537 | blood flow goes both ways in these vessels, t or f | false blood flow is one way in these vessels | 25 | |
| 4696165936 | arteries branch into _____ and carry blood ____ from the heart to _____ | arterioles; away; capillaries heart > blood to capillaries via arteries > arterioles | 26 | |
| 4696167234 | capillary beds | networks of capillaries; sites of chemical exchange btwn blood and interstitial fluid | 27 | |
| 4696168677 | ______ converge into veins and ______ blood from capillaries to the ______ | venules; return; heart venules > veins > return blood from capillaries > heart | 28 | |
| 4696170753 | arteries and veins are distinguished by | direction of blood flow | 29 | |
| 4696170754 | arteries and veins are not distinguished by | oxygen content | 30 | |
| 4696171700 | vertebrate hearts contain ____ chambers | 2+ | 31 | |
| 4696172137 | blood enters through an ______ and is pumped out through a ____ | atrium; ventricle | 32 | |
| 4696172959 | single circulation | blood leaves heart passing through two capillary beds before returning ex bony fish, rays, sharks | 33 | |
| 4696173539 | in single circulation animals they have a _____ chambered heart | two | 34 | |
| 4696189480 | double circulation | oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart ex amphibians, reptiles, mammals | 35 | |
| 4696190330 | double circulation animals (mammals and birds) have a _____ chambered heart with two ____ and two ____ | four; atria; ventricles | 36 | |
| 4696190797 | in reptiles and mammals, pulmonary circuit is | capillary beds in lungs where oxygen-poor blood flows to pick up oxygen through the lungs | 37 | |
| 4696191353 | oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen through the | systemic circuit | 38 | |
| 4696193549 | in amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through a | pulmocutaneous circuit | 39 | |
| 4696193956 | pulmocutaneous circuit | capillary beds in the lung and skin where oxygen-poor blood flows to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin | 40 | |
| 4696195466 | the systemic circuit is the same for amphibians, reptiles and mammals, t or f | true | 41 | |
| 4696197518 | the ____ side of the heart pumps and receives only______; while the ____ side of the heart receives and pumps only ______ | left side; oxygen-rich blood right side; oxygen-poor blood | 42 | |
| 4696199097 | mammals and birds are _____ and require more oxygen than _____ | endotherms; ectotherms | 43 | |
| 4696881812 | in the mammalian heart, the two atria have ___ ___ and serve as collection chambers for blood ____ to the heart | thin walls; returning | 44 | |
| 4696882905 | the two ventricles have ___ ____ and contract more _____ | thicker walls; forcefully | 45 | |
| 4696883196 | cardiac cycle | the rhythmic cycle by which the heart contracts and relaxes | 46 | |
| 4696886990 | systole | the contraction or pumping phase | 47 | |
| 4696887250 | diastole | the relaxation or filling phase | 48 | |
| 4696889446 | cardiac cycle: 1. atrial and ventricular ______ 2. atrial _____ and ventricular _____ 3. atrial _____ and ventricular _____ | 1. diastole 2. systole; diastole 3. diastole; systole | 49 | |
| 4696890274 | heart rate | aka pulse number of beats per minute | 50 | |
| 4696890484 | stroke volume | amount of blood pumped in a single contraction | 51 | |
| 4696891518 | cardiac output | volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute | 52 | |
| 4696891967 | cardiac output depends on 2 things | heart rate + stroke volume | 53 | |
| 4696892822 | what prevents backflow of blood in the heart | 4 valves | 54 | |
| 4696893194 | the atrioventricular (AV) valves | separate each atrium and ventricle | 55 | |
| 4696893793 | the semilunar valves | control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery | 56 | |
| 4696898039 | heart murmur | caused by a backflow of blood through a defective valve | 57 | |
| 4696899593 | the lub-dup sound of a heart beat is caused by the _____ of ____ against the ____ valves (lub) then against the ____ (dup) valves | recoil of blood; AV semilunar | 58 | |
| 4696900920 | autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells contract without a signal from the nervous system, t or f | true | 59 | |
| 4696901136 | sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker | sets rate and timing that cardiac muscle cells contract | 60 | |
| 4696902065 | electrocardiogram (EKG) | recorded impulses traveling through the cardiac cycle | 61 | |
| 4697054552 | at the AV node, impulses are _______ and then travel to the ______ _____ that make the _______ contract | delayed; Purkinje fibers; ventricles | 62 | |
| 4697057204 | Signals from SA node spread through atria Signals delayed at AV node Bundle branches pass signals to heart apex Signals spread through ventricles | 63 | ||
| 4697058907 | pacemaker is regulated by what 2 portions of the nervous system | sympathetic and parasympathetic | 64 | |
| 4697059612 | function of sympathetic on pacemaker | speeds it up | 65 | |
| 4697059887 | function of parasympathetic on pacemaker | slows down the pacemaker | 66 | |
| 4697060408 | pacemaker is also regulated by (2) | hormones and temperature | 67 | |
| 4697061367 | a vessel's cavity is called the | central lumen | 68 | |
| 4697061368 | endothelium | epithelial layer that lines blood vessels | 69 | |
| 4697061811 | characteristic and function of endothelium | smooth and minimizes resistance | 70 | |
| 4697062561 | capillaries are only _____ _____ than a red blood cell | slightly wider | 71 | |
| 4697063186 | components, characteristic and function of capillaries | endothelium + basal lamina; thin walls; facilitate exchange of materials | 72 | |
| 4697063754 | 3 components of arteries and veins | endothelium smooth muscle connective tissue | 73 | |
| 4697064177 | arteries have ____ ____ than veins | thicker walls | 74 | |
| 4697064473 | why do arteries have thicker walls than veins | to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart | 75 | |
| 4697064934 | function of thinner-walled veins | blood flows back to the heart from muscle action | 76 | |
| 4697066378 | veins have a bigger _____ and arteries have thicker ____ _____ | lumen; connective tissue | 77 | |
| 4697067596 | velocity of blood flow is slowest in the | capillary beds | 78 | |
| 4697068441 | blood flow in capillaries is _____ for exchange of materials | slow | 79 | |
| 4697069008 | why is blood flow slowest in capillaries? | result of high resistance and large total cross-sectional area | 80 | |
| 4697069564 | flood flows from areas of ____ pressure to areas of ____ pressure | higher; lower | 81 | |
| 4697069937 | blood pressure | pressure blood exerts in all directions | 82 | |
| 4697071093 | blood pressure includes the pressure against walls of blood vessels, t or f | true | 83 | |
| 4697071927 | recoil of elastic arterial walls does not play a role in maintaining blood pressure, t or f | false recoil of elastic arterial walls plays a role in maintaining blood pressure | 84 | |
| 4697074021 | what dissipates most of blood pressure? | resistance to blood flow in the narrow diameters of tiny capillaries and arterioles | 85 | |
| 4697074660 | systolic pressure | pressure in arteries during ventricular systole | 86 | |
| 4697075348 | systolic pressure is the highest pressure in the arteries, t or f | true | 87 | |
| 4697075602 | diastolic pressure | pressure in the arteries during diastole | 88 | |
| 4697076408 | diastolic pressure is _____ than systolic pressure | lower | 89 | |
| 4697076409 | pulse | rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat | 90 | |
| 4697077971 | _______ mechanisms regulate arterial blood pressure by altering the _____ of _____ | homeostatic; diameter of arterioles | 91 | |
| 4697078644 | vasoconstriction | contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls | 92 | |
| 4697079006 | vasoconstriction _____ blood pressure | increases | 93 | |
| 4697079260 | vasodilation | relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles | 94 | |
| 4697079900 | vasodilation causes blood pressure to _____ | fall | 95 | |
| 4697079901 | nitric oxide is a major inducer of _____ | vasodilation | 96 | |
| 4697080786 | peptide endothelin is a strong inducer of | vasoconstriction | 97 | |
| 4697081455 | gravity does not have an effect on blood pressure, t or f | false gravity has a significant effect on blood pressure | 98 | |
| 4697083723 | fainting is caused by what? | inadequate blood flow to the head | 99 | |
| 4697084406 | animals with long necks require a very high _____ pressure to pump blood a great distance against gravity | systolic | 100 | |
| 4697084639 | blood is moved through veins by (3) | smooth muscle contraction; skeletal muscle contraction; expansion of the vena cava with inhalation | 101 | |
| 4697085415 | what prevents backflow of blood? | one-way valves in the veins | 102 | |
| 4697085851 | valves are only present in | veins | 103 | |
| 4697086634 | arteries do not have valves, t or f | true | 104 | |
| 4697087089 | blood flows through only _____% of the body's capillaries at any given time | 5-10% | 105 | |
| 4697087493 | capillaries i major organs are usually filled | to capacity | 106 | |
| 4697087950 | two mechanisms regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds | constriction or dilation of arterioles (that supply capillary beds) and precapillary sphincters | 107 | |
| 4697091454 | precapillary sphincters | control blood flow between arterioles and venules | 108 | |
| 4697092310 | name the 3 things that regulate blood flow | hormones nerve impulses other chemicals | 109 | |
| 4697094375 | the exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid takes places across | the thin endothelial walls of capillaries | 110 | |
| 4697096107 | blood pressure drives fluids _____ at the _____ | out of capillaries; arteriole end | 111 | |
| 4697097158 | mot blood proteins and all blood cells are ______ to pass through the _____ | too large; endothelium | 112 | |
| 4697099649 | all blood cells and most blood proteins are too large to pass through the endothelium, t or f | true | 113 | |
| 4697101363 | osmotic pressure drives fluid ________ at _____ | to capillaries; venule end | 114 | |
| 4697104131 | blood pressure results in a ____ ____ of fluid from capillaries | net loss | 115 | |
| 4697104132 | lymphatic system | returns fluid that leaks out from capillary beds | 116 | |
| 4697105849 | components of lymphatic system | network of tiny vessels and larger vessels | 117 | |
| 4697106785 | lymph | fluid lost by capillaries | 118 | |
| 4697107562 | the composition of lymph is the same as ____ _____ | interstitial fluids | 119 | |
| 4697108312 | the lymphatic system drains into large ____ in the ____ | veins; neck | 120 | |
| 4697108596 | what prevents the blackflow of fluid in lymph vessels | valves | 121 | |
| 4697115245 | edema is swelling caused by disruptions in the | flow of lymph | 122 | |
| 4697115246 | lymph nodes | organs that filter lymph; body's defensive from WBCs - white blood cells | 123 | |
| 4697116403 | with infection, WBCs _____ and lymph nodes become ___ | multiply rapidly; swollen and tender | 124 | |
| 4697117354 | with open circulation, fluid is ____ with the fluid surrounding all body cells | continuous | 125 | |
| 4697120498 | closed circulatory systems of vertebrates contain | blood (a more highly specialized fluid) | 126 | |
| 4697121179 | blood in vertebrates is a ____ ____ consisting of several kinds of cells supended in _____ | connective tissue; plasma | 127 | |
| 4697121180 | plasma | liquid matrix in blood | 128 | |
| 4697122566 | the cellular elements occupy ____% of the volume of blood | 45% | 129 | |
| 4697123639 | plasma occupy ____% of the volume of blood | 55% | 130 | |
| 4697124918 | plasma functions (6) | solvent; osmotic balance; pH buffering; lipid transport; clotting; regulation of membrane permeability | 131 | |
| 4697127697 | cellular elements in blood are (7) | RBCs (erythrocytes) platelets WBCs (leukocytes): basophils neutrophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes | 132 | |
| 4697137958 | erythrocytes | red blood cells | 133 | |
| 4697138590 | erythrocytes are the most numerous blood cells, t or f | true | 134 | |
| 4697139047 | hemoglobin | iron-containing protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells | 135 | |
| 4697139437 | each molecule of hemoglobin binds up to | four molecules of oxygen | 136 | |
| 4697139730 | mature erythrocytes lack (2) | nuclei and mitochondria | 137 | |
| 4697140793 | sickle-cell disease | caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins forming aggregates | 138 | |
| 4697141418 | leukocytes | white blood cells | 139 | |
| 4697142507 | 5 types of leukocytes | monocytes lymphocytes basophils neutrophils eosinophils | 140 | |
| 4697143711 | function of leukocytes | phagocytize bacteria mount immune responses against foreign substances | 141 | |
| 4697144709 | leukocytes are found both in and outside of the circulatory system, t or f | true | 142 | |
| 4697144710 | platelets | fragments of cells blood clotting | 143 | |
| 4697145196 | erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets all develop from ___ ____ in the _____ | stem cells; red marrow of bones | 144 | |
| 4697154874 | erythropoietin (EPO) | hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production when oxygen delivery is low | 145 | |
| 4697156811 | physicians use _________ to treat anemia | recombinant EPO | 146 | |
| 4697159186 | B cells and T cells are called ____ and are developed from ___ ___ ___ | lymphocytes; lymphoid stem cells | 147 | |
| 4697160099 | coagulation | formation of solid clot from liquid blood | 148 | |
| 4697161080 | thrombus | blood clot within a blood vessel that can block blood flow | 149 | |
| 4697161354 | what forms a clot | conversion of inactive fibrinogen to fibrin | 150 | |
| 4697162106 | atherosclerosis | buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries | 151 | |
| 4697163202 | Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production | 152 | |
| 4697163737 | High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | takes excess cholesterol and returns it to the liver | 153 | |
| 4697165250 | heart attack (myocardial infarction) | damage/death of cardiac muscle tissue from blockage of 1+ coronary arteries | 154 | |
| 4697165513 | stroke | death of nervous tissue in brain; usually from blockage of arteries in head | 155 | |
| 4697166028 | angina pectoris | chest pain from partial blockage of coronary arteries | 156 | |
| 4697166878 | inflammation causes (2) | atherosclerosis and thrombus formation | 157 | |
| 4697167741 | ___ inhibits inflammation and reduces risk of heart attacks and stroke | aspirin | 158 | |
| 4697167742 | hypertension | high blood pressure; contributes to heart attack and stroke; can be controlled by diet, exercise, meds | 159 | |
| 4697168270 | gas exchange | supplies oxygen for cellular respiration; disposes of CO2 | 160 | |
| 4697168588 | lungs | infolding of the body surface | 161 | |
| 4697169778 | the circulatory system (open or closed) transports ____ between ____ and rest of body | gases; lungs | 162 | |
| 4697170413 | the size and complexity of lungs correlate with an animal's metabolic rate, t or f | true | 163 | |
| 4697170926 | the _____ directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach | pharynx | 164 | |
| 4697173210 | gas exchange occurs in the | alveoli | 165 | |
| 4697173535 | path of air passage | pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli | 166 | |
| 4697183229 | exhaled air passes over ____ cords in ____ to create sounds | vocal; larynx | 167 | |
| 4697185143 | ___ and ____ line the epithelium of the air ducts and move particles up to the _____ | cilia and mucus; pharynx | 168 | |
| 4697185759 | function of the cilia and mucus | cleans respiratory system; allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus | 169 | |
| 4697189111 | alveoli | air sacs at the tips of bronchioles | 170 | |
| 4697193595 | ___ diffuses from _____ into _____ | oxygen; epithelium > capillaries | 171 | |
| 4697193990 | _________ diffuses from _______ across ______ and into air space | carbon dioxide; capillaries > epithelium > air space | 172 | |
| 4697194843 | alveoli lack ____ and are susceptible to ____ | cilia; contamination | 173 | |
| 4697194844 | surfactants | secretions that coat the surface of alveoli | 174 | |
| 4697195426 | preterm babies lack _____ and therefore vulnerable to respiratory distress syndrom | surfactant | 175 | |
| 4697198172 | breathing | alternative inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates the lungs | 176 | |
| 4697198839 | mammals ventilate their lungs by ___ ___ ___ | negative pressure breathing | 177 | |
| 4697198840 | negative pressure breathing | pulls air into lungs via inhalation | 178 | |
| 4697199775 | lung volume _____ as the rib muscles and diaphragm ____ | increases; contract | 179 | |
| 4697199776 | tidal volume | volume of air inhaled with each breath | 180 | |
| 4697200169 | vital capacity | maximum tidal volume | 181 | |
| 4697200365 | residual volume | the air that remains in the lungs after exhalation | 182 | |
| 4697200803 | breathing is regulated by involuntary mechanisms , t or f | true | 183 | |
| 4697200998 | breathing control centers are in the | medulla oblongata | 184 | |
| 4697204669 | sensors in the ___ and ___ ___ monitor oxygen and co2 concentrations in the blood | aorta; carotid arteries | 185 | |
| 4697205080 | modulation of breathing takes place in the ____, next to the medulla | pons | 186 |
